2 ## Copyright (c) 2000-2006, Index Data.
4 ## Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and
5 ## its documentation, in whole or in part, for any purpose, is hereby granted,
8 ## 1. This copyright and permission notice appear in all copies of the
9 ## software and its documentation. Notices of copyright or attribution
10 ## which appear at the beginning of any file must remain unchanged.
12 ## 2. The name of Index Data or the individual authors may not be used to
13 ## endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
14 ## prior written permission.
16 ## THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
17 ## EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY
18 ## WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
19 ## IN NO EVENT SHALL INDEX DATA BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
20 ## INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, OR ANY DAMAGES
21 ## WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER OR
22 ## NOT ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE, AND ON ANY THEORY OF
23 ## LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE
28 ## $Id: SimpleServer.pm,v 1.36 2007-08-17 16:45:22 mike Exp $
30 package Net::Z3950::SimpleServer;
33 use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK);
40 @ISA = qw(Exporter AutoLoader DynaLoader);
44 bootstrap Net::Z3950::SimpleServer $VERSION;
46 # Preloaded methods go here.
56 carp "SimpleServer.pm: WARNING: Multithreaded server unsupported";
60 croak "SimpleServer.pm: ERROR: Unspecified search handler" unless defined($self->{SEARCH});
61 croak "SimpleServer.pm: ERROR: Unspecified fetch handler" unless defined($self->{FETCH});
72 ### This modal internal interface, in which we set a bunch of
73 # globals and then call start_server(), is asking for
74 # trouble. Instead, we should just pass the $self object
75 # as a parameter into start_server().
76 if (defined($self->{GHANDLE})) {
77 set_ghandle($self->{GHANDLE});
79 if (defined($self->{INIT})) {
80 set_init_handler($self->{INIT});
82 set_search_handler($self->{SEARCH});
83 set_fetch_handler($self->{FETCH});
84 if (defined($self->{CLOSE})) {
85 set_close_handler($self->{CLOSE});
87 if (defined($self->{PRESENT})) {
88 set_present_handler($self->{PRESENT});
90 if (defined($self->{SCAN})) {
91 set_scan_handler($self->{SCAN});
93 if (defined($self->{SORT})) {
94 set_sort_handler($self->{SORT});
96 if (defined($self->{EXPLAIN})) {
97 set_explain_handler($self->{EXPLAIN});
104 # Register packages that we will use in translated RPNs
105 package Net::Z3950::APDU::Query;
106 package Net::Z3950::APDU::OID;
107 package Net::Z3950::RPN::And;
108 package Net::Z3950::RPN::Or;
109 package Net::Z3950::RPN::AndNot;
110 package Net::Z3950::RPN::Term;
111 package Net::Z3950::RPN::RSID;
112 package Net::Z3950::RPN::Attributes;
113 package Net::Z3950::RPN::Attribute;
115 # Must revert to original package for Autoloader's benefit
116 package Net::Z3950::SimpleServer;
119 # Autoload methods go after =cut, and are processed by the autosplit program.
123 # Below is the stub of documentation for your module. You better edit it!
127 Net::Z3950::SimpleServer - Simple Perl API for building Z39.50 servers.
131 use Net::Z3950::SimpleServer;
133 sub my_search_handler {
136 my $set_id = $args->{SETNAME};
137 my @database_list = @{ $args->{DATABASES} };
138 my $query = $args->{QUERY};
140 ## Perform the query on the specified set of databases
141 ## and return the number of hits:
143 $args->{HITS} = $hits;
146 sub my_fetch_handler { # Get a record for the user
149 my $set_id = $args->{SETNAME};
151 my $record = fetch_a_record($args->{OFFSET});
153 $args->{RECORD} = $record;
154 if (number_of_hits() == $args->{OFFSET}) { ## Last record in set?
161 ## Register custom event handlers:
162 my $z = new Net::Z3950::SimpleServer(GHANDLE = $someObject,
163 INIT => \&my_init_handler,
164 CLOSE => \&my_close_handler,
165 SEARCH => \&my_search_handler,
166 FETCH => \&my_fetch_handler);
169 $z->launch_server("ztest.pl", @ARGV);
173 The SimpleServer module is a tool for constructing Z39.50 "Information
174 Retrieval" servers in Perl. The module is easy to use, but it
175 does help to have an understanding of the Z39.50 query
176 structure and the construction of structured retrieval records.
178 Z39.50 is a network protocol for searching remote databases and
179 retrieving the results in the form of structured "records". It is widely
180 used in libraries around the world, as well as in the US Federal Government.
181 In addition, it is generally useful whenever you wish to integrate a number
182 of different database systems around a shared, asbtract data model.
184 The model of the module is simple: It implements a "generic" Z39.50
185 server, which invokes callback functions supplied by you to search
186 for content in your database. You can use any tools available in
187 Perl to supply the content, including modules like DBI and
190 The server will take care of managing the network connections for
191 you, and it will spawn a new process (or thread, in some
192 environments) whenever a new connection is received.
194 The programmer can specify subroutines to take care of the following type
200 - Fetching of records
201 - Scan request (browsing)
202 - Closing down connection
204 Note that only the Search and Fetch handler functions are required.
205 The module can supply default responses to the other on its own.
207 After the launching of the server, all control is given away from
208 the Perl script to the server. The server calls the registered
209 subroutines to field incoming requests from Z39.50 clients.
211 A reference to an anonymous hash is passed to each handler. Some of
212 the entries of these hashes are to be considered input and others
215 The Perl programmer specifies the event handlers for the server by
216 means of the SimpleServer object constructor
218 my $z = new Net::Z3950::SimpleServer(
219 INIT => \&my_init_handler,
220 CLOSE => \&my_close_handler,
221 SEARCH => \&my_search_handler,
222 PRESENT => \&my_present_handler,
223 SCAN => \&my_scan_handler,
224 FETCH => \&my_fetch_handler,
225 EXPLAIN => \&my_explain_handler);
227 In addition, the arguments to the constructor may include GHANDLE, a
228 global handle which is made available to each invocation of every
229 callback function. This is typically a reference to either a hash or
232 If you want your SimpleServer to start a thread (threaded mode) to
233 handle each incoming Z39.50 request instead of forking a process
234 (forking mode), you need to register the handlers by symbol rather
235 than by code reference. Thus, in threaded mode, you will need to
236 register your handlers this way:
238 my $z = new Net::Z3950::SimpleServer(
239 INIT => "my_package::my_init_handler",
240 CLOSE => "my_package::my_close_handler",
244 where my_package is the Perl package in which your handler is
247 After the custom event handlers are declared, the server is launched
248 by means of the method
250 $z->launch_server("MyServer.pl", @ARGV);
252 Notice, the first argument should be the name of your server
253 script (for logging purposes), while the rest of the arguments
254 are documented in the YAZ toolkit manual: The section on
255 application invocation: <http://www.indexdata.dk/yaz/yaz-7.php>
257 In particular, you need to use the -T switch to start your SimpleServer
262 The init handler is called whenever a Z39.50 client is attempting
263 to logon to the server. The exchange of parameters between the
264 server and the handler is carried out via an anonymous hash reached
269 The argument hash passed to the init handler has the form
272 ## Response parameters:
274 IMP_ID => "", ## Z39.50 Implementation ID
275 IMP_NAME => "", ## Z39.50 Implementation name
276 IMP_VER => "", ## Z39.50 Implementation version
277 ERR_CODE => 0, ## Error code, cnf. Z39.50 manual
278 ERR_STR => "", ## Error string (additional info.)
279 USER => "xxx" ## If Z39.50 authentication is used,
280 ## this member contains user name
281 PASS => "yyy" ## Under same conditions, this member
282 ## contains the password in clear text
283 GHANDLE => $obj ## Global handler specified at creation
284 HANDLE => undef ## Handler of Perl data structure
287 The HANDLE member can be used to store any scalar value which will then
288 be provided as input to all subsequent calls (ie. for searching, record
289 retrieval, etc.). A common use of the handle is to store a reference to
290 a hash which may then be used to store session-specific parameters.
291 If you have any session-specific information (such as a list of
292 result sets or a handle to a back-end search engine of some sort),
293 it is always best to store them in a private session structure -
294 rather than leaving them in global variables in your script.
296 The Implementation ID, name and version are only really used by Z39.50
297 client developers to see what kind of server they're dealing with.
298 Filling these in is optional.
300 The ERR_CODE should be left at 0 (the default value) if you wish to
301 accept the connection. Any other value is interpreted as a failure
302 and the client will be shown the door, with the code and the
303 associated additional information, ERR_STR returned.
305 =head2 Search handler
307 Similarly, the search handler is called with a reference to an anony-
308 mous hash. The structure is the following:
311 ## Request parameters:
313 GHANDLE => $obj ## Global handler specified at creation
314 HANDLE => ref, ## Your session reference.
315 SETNAME => "id", ## ID of the result set
316 REPL_SET => 0, ## Replace set if already existing?
317 DATABASES => ["xxx"], ## Reference to a list of data-
319 QUERY => "query", ## The query expression
320 RPN => $obj, ## Reference to a Net::Z3950::APDU::Query
322 ## Response parameters:
324 ERR_CODE => 0, ## Error code (0=Succesful search)
325 ERR_STR => "", ## Error string
326 HITS => 0 ## Number of matches
329 Note that a search which finds 0 hits is considered successful in
330 Z39.50 terms - you should only set the ERR_CODE to a non-zero value
331 if there was a problem processing the request. The Z39.50 standard
332 provides a comprehensive list of standard diagnostic codes, and you
333 should use these whenever possible.
335 The QUERY is a tree-structure of terms combined by operators, the
336 terms being qualified by lists of attributes. The query is presented
337 to the search function in the Prefix Query Format (PQF) which is
338 used in many applications based on the YAZ toolkit. The full grammar
339 is described in the YAZ manual.
341 The following are all examples of valid queries in the PQF.
347 @or "dylan" "zimmerman"
351 @or @and bob dylan @set Result-1
353 @and @attr 1=1 "bob dylan" @attr 1=4 "slow train coming"
355 @attrset @attr 4=1 @attr 1=4 "self portrait"
357 You will need to write a recursive function or something similar to
358 parse incoming query expressions, and this is usually where a lot of
359 the work in writing a database-backend happens. Fortunately, you don't
360 need to support anymore functionality than you want to. For instance,
361 it is perfectly legal to not accept boolean operators, but you SHOULD
362 try to return good error codes if you run into something you can't or
365 A more convenient alternative to the QUERY member may be the RPN
366 member, which is a reference to a Net::Z3950::APDU::Query object
367 representing the RPN query tree. The structure of that object is
368 supposed to be self-documenting, but here's a brief summary of what
375 C<Net::Z3950::APDU::Query> is a hash with two fields:
381 =item C<attributeSet>
383 Optional. If present, it is a reference to a
384 C<Net::Z3950::APDU::OID>. This is a string of dot-separated integers
385 representing the OID of the query's top-level attribute set.
389 Mandatory: a refererence to the RPN tree itself.
395 Each node of the tree is an object of one of the following types:
401 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::And>
403 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Or>
405 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::AndNot>
407 These three classes are all arrays of two elements, each of which is a
408 node of one of the above types.
410 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Term>
412 See below for details.
414 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::RSID>
416 A reference to a result-set ID indicating a previous search. The ID
417 of the result-set is in the C<id> element.
421 (I guess I should make a superclass C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Node> and make
422 all of these subclasses of it. Not done that yet, but will do one day.)
430 C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Term> is a hash with two fields:
438 A string containing the search term itself.
442 A reference to a C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Attributes> object.
448 C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Attributes> is an array of references to
449 C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Attribute> objects. (Note the plural/singular
454 C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Attribute> is a hash with three elements:
460 =item C<attributeSet>
462 Optional. If present, it is dot-separated OID string, as above.
464 =item C<attributeType>
466 An integer indicating the type of the attribute - for example, under
467 the BIB-1 attribute set, type 1 indicates a ``use'' attribute, type 2
468 a ``relation'' attribute, etc.
470 =item C<attributeValue>
472 An integer indicating the value of the attribute - for example, under
473 BIB-1, if the attribute type is 1, then value 4 indictates a title
474 search and 7 indictates an ISBN search; but if the attribute type is
475 2, then value 4 indicates a ``greater than or equal'' search, and 102
476 indicates a relevance match.
482 Note that, at the moment, none of these classes have any methods at
483 all: the blessing into classes is largely just a documentation thing
484 so that, for example, if you do
486 { use Data::Dumper; print Dumper($args->{RPN}) }
488 you get something fairly human-readable. But of course, the type
489 distinction between the three different kinds of boolean node is
492 By adding your own methods to these classes (building what I call
493 ``augmented classes''), you can easily build code that walks the tree
494 of the incoming RPN. Take a look at C<samples/render-search.pl> for a
495 sample implementation of such an augmented classes technique.
498 =head2 Present handler
500 The presence of a present handler in a SimpleServer front-end is optional.
501 Each time a client wishes to retrieve records, the present service is
502 called. The present service allows the origin to request a certain number
503 of records retrieved from a given result set.
504 When the present handler is called, the front-end server should prepare a
505 result set for fetching. In practice, this means to get access to the
506 data from the backend database and store the data in a temporary fashion
507 for fast and efficient fetching. The present handler does *not* fetch
508 anything. This task is taken care of by the fetch handler, which will be
509 called the correct number of times by the YAZ library. More about this
511 If no present handler is implemented in the front-end, the YAZ toolkit
512 will take care of a minimum of preparations itself. This default present
513 handler is sufficient in many situations, where only a small amount of
514 records are expected to be retrieved. If on the other hand, large result
515 sets are likely to occur, the implementation of a reasonable present
516 handler can gain performance significantly.
518 The informations exchanged between client and present handle are:
521 ## Client/server request:
523 GHANDLE => $obj ## Global handler specified at creation
524 HANDLE => ref, ## Reference to datastructure
525 SETNAME => "id", ## Result set ID
526 START => xxx, ## Start position
527 COMP => "", ## Desired record composition
528 NUMBER => yyy, ## Number of requested records
531 ## Respons parameters:
533 HITS => zzz, ## Number of returned records
534 ERR_CODE => 0, ## Error code
535 ERR_STR => "" ## Error message
541 The fetch handler is asked to retrieve a SINGLE record from a given
542 result set (the front-end server will automatically call the fetch
543 handler as many times as required).
545 The parameters exchanged between the server and the fetch handler are
548 ## Client/server request:
550 GHANDLE => $obj ## Global handler specified at creation
551 HANDLE => ref ## Reference to data structure
552 SETNAME => "id" ## ID of the requested result set
553 OFFSET => nnn ## Record offset number
554 REQ_FORM => "n.m.k.l"## Client requested format OID
555 COMP => "xyz" ## Formatting instructions
556 SCHEMA => "abc" ## Requested schema, if any
560 RECORD => "" ## Record string
561 BASENAME => "" ## Origin of returned record
562 LAST => 0 ## Last record in set?
563 ERR_CODE => 0 ## Error code
564 ERR_STR => "" ## Error string
565 SUR_FLAG => 0 ## Surrogate diagnostic flag
566 REP_FORM => "n.m.k.l"## Provided format OID
567 SCHEMA => "abc" ## Provided schema, if any
570 The REP_FORM value has by default the REQ_FORM value but can be set to
571 something different if the handler desires. The BASENAME value should
572 contain the name of the database from where the returned record originates.
573 The ERR_CODE and ERR_STR works the same way they do in the search
574 handler. If there is an error condition, the SUR_FLAG is used to
575 indicate whether the error condition pertains to the record currently
576 being retrieved, or whether it pertains to the operation as a whole
577 (eg. the client has specified a result set which does not exist.)
579 If you need to return USMARC records, you might want to have a look at
580 the MARC module on CPAN, if you don't already have a way of generating
583 NOTE: The record offset is 1-indexed - 1 is the offset of the first
588 A full featured Z39.50 server should support scan (or in some literature
589 browse). The client specifies a starting term of the scan, and the server
590 should return an ordered list of specified length consisting of terms
591 actually occurring in the data base. Each of these terms should be close
592 to or equal to the term originally specified. The quality of scan compared
593 to simple search is a guarantee of hits. It is simply like browsing through
594 an index of a book, you always find something! The parameters exchanged are
599 GHANDLE => $obj, ## Global handler specified at creation
600 HANDLE => $ref, ## Reference to data structure
601 DATABASES => ["xxx"], ## Reference to a list of data-
603 TERM => 'start', ## The start term
604 RPN => $obj, ## Reference to a Net::Z3950::RPN::Term
606 NUMBER => xx, ## Number of requested terms
607 POS => yy, ## Position of starting point
608 ## within returned list
609 STEP => 0, ## Step size
613 ERR_CODE => 0, ## Error code
614 ERR_STR => '', ## Diagnostic message
615 NUMBER => zz, ## Number of returned terms
616 STATUS => $status, ## ScanSuccess/ScanFailure
617 ENTRIES => $entries ## Referenced list of terms
620 where the term list is returned by reference in the scalar $entries, which
621 should point at a data structure of this kind,
627 { TERM => 'energy density',
630 { TERM => 'energy flow',
638 The $status flag is only meaningful after a successful scan, and
639 should be assigned one of two values:
641 Net::Z3950::SimpleServer::ScanSuccess Full success (default)
642 Net::Z3950::SimpleServer::ScanPartial Fewer terms returned than requested
644 The STEP member contains the requested number of entries in the term-list
645 between two adjacent entries in the response.
647 A better alternative to the TERM member is the the RPN
648 member, which is a reference to a Net::Z3950::RPN::Term object
649 representing the scan cloause. The structure of that object is the
650 same as for Term objects included as part of the RPN tree passed to
651 search handlers. This is more useful than the simple TERM because it
652 includes attributes (e.g. access points associated with the term),
653 which are discarded by the TERM element.
657 The argument hash recieved by the close handler has two elements only:
662 GHANDLE => $obj ## Global handler specified at creation
663 HANDLE => ref ## Reference to data structure
666 What ever data structure the HANDLE value points at goes out of scope
667 after this call. If you need to close down a connection to your server
668 or something similar, this is the place to do it.
670 =head2 Support for SRU and SRW
672 Since release 1.0, SimpleServer includes support for serving the SRU
673 and SRW protocols as well as Z39.50. These ``web-friendly'' protocols
674 enable similar functionality to that of Z39.50, but by means of rich
675 URLs in the case of SRU, and a SOAP-based web-service in the case of
676 SRW. These protocols are described at
677 http://www.loc.gov/sru
679 In order to serve these protocols from a SimpleServer-based
680 application, it is necessary to launch the application with a YAZ
681 Generic Frontend Server (GFS) configuration file, which can be
682 specified using the command-line argument C<-f> I<filename>. A
683 minimal configuration file looks like this:
687 <cql2rpn>pqf.properties</cql2rpn>
691 This file specifies only that C<pqf.properties> should be used to
692 translate the CQL queries of SRU and SRW into corresponding Z39.50
693 Type-1 queries. For more information about YAZ GFS configuration,
694 including how to specify an Explain record, see the I<Virtual Hosts>
695 section of the YAZ manual at
696 http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/server.vhosts.tkl
698 The mapping of CQL queries into Z39.50 Type-1 queries is specified by
699 a file that indicates which BIB-1 attributes should be generated for
700 each CQL index, relation, modifiers, etc. A typical section of this
701 file looks like this:
704 index.dc.subject = 1=21
705 index.dc.creator = 1=1003
709 This file specifies the BIB-1 access points (type=1) for the Dublin
710 Core indexes C<title>, C<subject> and C<creator>, and the BIB-1
711 relations (type=2) corresponding to the CQL relations C<E<lt>> and
712 C<E<lt>=>. For more information about the format of this file, see
713 the I<CQL> section of the YAZ manual at
714 http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/tools.tkl#tools.cql
716 The YAZ distribution include a sample CQL-to-PQF mapping configuration
717 file called C<pqf.properties>; this is sufficient for many
718 applications, and a good base to work from for most others.
720 If a SimpleServer-based application is run without this SRU-specific
721 configuration, it can still serve SRU; however, CQL queries will not
722 be translated, but passed straight through to the search-handler
723 function, as the C<CQL> member of the parameters hash. It is then the
724 responsibility of the back-end application to parse and handle the CQL
725 query, which is most easily done using Ed Summers' fine C<CQL::Parser>
726 module, available from CPAN at
727 http://search.cpan.org/~esummers/CQL-Parser/
731 Anders Sønderberg (sondberg@indexdata.dk),
732 Sebastian Hammer (quinn@indexdata.dk),
733 Mike Taylor (indexdata.com).
737 Any Perl module which is useful for accessing the database of your