2 ## Copyright (c) 2000-2004, Index Data.
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5 ## its documentation, in whole or in part, for any purpose, is hereby granted,
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16 ## THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
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18 ## WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
19 ## IN NO EVENT SHALL INDEX DATA BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
20 ## INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, OR ANY DAMAGES
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22 ## NOT ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE, AND ON ANY THEORY OF
23 ## LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE
28 ## $Id: SimpleServer.pm,v 1.20 2004-05-28 20:14:28 sondberg Exp $
30 package Net::Z3950::SimpleServer;
33 use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK);
40 @ISA = qw(Exporter AutoLoader DynaLoader);
44 bootstrap Net::Z3950::SimpleServer $VERSION;
46 # Preloaded methods go here.
56 carp "SimpleServer.pm: WARNING: Multithreaded server unsupported";
60 croak "SimpleServer.pm: ERROR: Unspecified search handler" unless defined($self->{SEARCH});
61 croak "SimpleServer.pm: ERROR: Unspecified fetch handler" unless defined($self->{FETCH});
72 if (defined($self->{INIT})) {
73 set_init_handler($self->{INIT});
75 set_search_handler($self->{SEARCH});
76 set_fetch_handler($self->{FETCH});
77 if (defined($self->{CLOSE})) {
78 set_close_handler($self->{CLOSE});
80 if (defined($self->{PRESENT})) {
81 set_present_handler($self->{PRESENT});
83 if (defined($self->{SCAN})) {
84 set_scan_handler($self->{SCAN});
91 # Register packages that we will use in translated RPNs
92 package Net::Z3950::APDU::Query;
93 package Net::Z3950::APDU::OID;
94 package Net::Z3950::RPN::And;
95 package Net::Z3950::RPN::Or;
96 package Net::Z3950::RPN::AndNot;
97 package Net::Z3950::RPN::Term;
98 package Net::Z3950::RPN::Attributes;
99 package Net::Z3950::RPN::Attribute;
101 # Must revert to original package for Autoloader's benefit
102 package Net::Z3950::SimpleServer;
105 # Autoload methods go after =cut, and are processed by the autosplit program.
109 # Below is the stub of documentation for your module. You better edit it!
113 Net::Z3950::SimpleServer - Simple Perl API for building Z39.50 servers.
117 use Net::Z3950::SimpleServer;
119 sub my_search_handler {
122 my $set_id = $args->{SETNAME};
123 my @database_list = @{ $args->{DATABASES} };
124 my $query = $args->{QUERY};
126 ## Perform the query on the specified set of databases
127 ## and return the number of hits:
129 $args->{HITS} = $hits;
132 sub my_fetch_handler { # Get a record for the user
135 my $set_id = $args->{SETNAME};
137 my $record = fetch_a_record($args->{OFFSET});
139 $args->{RECORD} = $record;
140 if (number_of_hits() == $args->{OFFSET}) { ## Last record in set?
148 ## Register custom event handlers:
150 my $z = new Net::Z3950::SimpleServer( INIT => \&my_init_handler,
151 CLOSE => \&my_close_handler,
152 SEARCH => \&my_search_handler,
153 FETCH => \&my_fetch_handler);
156 $z->launch_server("ztest.pl", @ARGV);
160 The SimpleServer module is a tool for constructing Z39.50 "Information
161 Retrieval" servers in Perl. The module is easy to use, but it
162 does help to have an understanding of the Z39.50 query
163 structure and the construction of structured retrieval records.
165 Z39.50 is a network protocol for searching remote databases and
166 retrieving the results in the form of structured "records". It is widely
167 used in libraries around the world, as well as in the US Federal Government.
168 In addition, it is generally useful whenever you wish to integrate a number
169 of different database systems around a shared, asbtract data model.
171 The model of the module is simple: It implements a "generic" Z39.50
172 server, which invokes callback functions supplied by you to search
173 for content in your database. You can use any tools available in
174 Perl to supply the content, including modules like DBI and
177 The server will take care of managing the network connections for
178 you, and it will spawn a new process (or thread, in some
179 environments) whenever a new connection is received.
181 The programmer can specify subroutines to take care of the following type
187 - Fetching of records
188 - Scan request (browsing)
189 - Closing down connection
191 Note that only the Search and Fetch handler functions are required.
192 The module can supply default responses to the other on its own.
194 After the launching of the server, all control is given away from
195 the Perl script to the server. The server calls the registered
196 subroutines to field incoming requests from Z39.50 clients.
198 A reference to an anonymous hash is passed to each handle. Some of
199 the entries of these hashes are to be considered input and others
202 The Perl programmer specifies the event handles for the server by
203 means of the the SimpleServer object constructor
205 my $z = new Net::Z3950::SimpleServer(
206 INIT => \&my_init_handler,
207 CLOSE => \&my_close_handler,
208 SEARCH => \&my_search_handler,
209 PRESENT => \&my_present_handler,
210 SCAN => \&my_scan_handler,
211 FETCH => \&my_fetch_handler);
213 After the custom event handles are declared, the server is launched
214 by means of the method
216 $z->launch_server("MyServer.pl", @ARGV);
218 Notice, the first argument should be the name of your server
219 script (for logging purposes), while the rest of the arguments
220 are documented in the YAZ toolkit manual: The section on
221 application invocation: <http://www.indexdata.dk/yaz/yaz-7.php>
225 The init handler is called whenever a Z39.50 client is attempting
226 to logon to the server. The exchange of parameters between the
227 server and the handler is carried out via an anonymous hash reached
232 The argument hash passed to the init handler has the form
235 ## Response parameters:
237 IMP_ID => "", ## Z39.50 Implementation ID
238 IMP_NAME => "", ## Z39.50 Implementation name
239 IMP_VER => "", ## Z39.50 Implementation version
240 ERR_CODE => 0, ## Error code, cnf. Z39.50 manual
241 ERR_STR => "", ## Error string (additional info.)
242 USER => "xxx" ## If Z39.50 authentication is used,
243 ## this member contains user name
244 PASS => "yyy" ## Under same conditions, this member
245 ## contains the password in clear text
246 HANDLE => undef ## Handler of Perl data structure
249 The HANDLE member can be used to store any scalar value which will then
250 be provided as input to all subsequent calls (ie. for searching, record
251 retrieval, etc.). A common use of the handle is to store a reference to
252 a hash which may then be used to store session-specific parameters.
253 If you have any session-specific information (such as a list of
254 result sets or a handle to a back-end search engine of some sort),
255 it is always best to store them in a private session structure -
256 rather than leaving them in global variables in your script.
258 The Implementation ID, name and version are only really used by Z39.50
259 client developers to see what kind of server they're dealing with.
260 Filling these in is optional.
262 The ERR_CODE should be left at 0 (the default value) if you wish to
263 accept the connection. Any other value is interpreted as a failure
264 and the client will be shown the door, with the code and the
265 associated additional information, ERR_STR returned.
267 =head2 Search handler
269 Similarly, the search handler is called with a reference to an anony-
270 mous hash. The structure is the following:
273 ## Request parameters:
275 HANDLE => ref, ## Your session reference.
276 SETNAME => "id", ## ID of the result set
277 REPL_SET => 0, ## Replace set if already existing?
278 DATABASES => ["xxx"], ## Reference to a list of data-
280 QUERY => "query", ## The query expression
281 RPN => $obj, ## Reference to a Net::Z3950::APDU::Query
283 ## Response parameters:
285 ERR_CODE => 0, ## Error code (0=Succesful search)
286 ERR_STR => "", ## Error string
287 HITS => 0 ## Number of matches
290 Note that a search which finds 0 hits is considered successful in
291 Z39.50 terms - you should only set the ERR_CODE to a non-zero value
292 if there was a problem processing the request. The Z39.50 standard
293 provides a comprehensive list of standard diagnostic codes, and you
294 should use these whenever possible.
296 The QUERY is a tree-structure of terms combined by operators, the
297 terms being qualified by lists of attributes. The query is presented
298 to the search function in the Prefix Query Format (PQF) which is
299 used in many applications based on the YAZ toolkit. The full grammar
300 is described in the YAZ manual.
302 The following are all examples of valid queries in the PQF.
308 @or "dylan" "zimmerman"
312 @or @and bob dylan @set Result-1
314 @and @attr 1=1 "bob dylan" @attr 1=4 "slow train coming"
316 @attrset @attr 4=1 @attr 1=4 "self portrait"
318 You will need to write a recursive function or something similar to
319 parse incoming query expressions, and this is usually where a lot of
320 the work in writing a database-backend happens. Fortunately, you don't
321 need to support anymore functionality than you want to. For instance,
322 it is perfectly legal to not accept boolean operators, but you SHOULD
323 try to return good error codes if you run into something you can't or
326 A more convenient alternative to the QUERY member may be the RPN
327 member, which is a reference to a Net::Z3950::APDU::Query object
328 representing the RPN query tree. The structure of that object is
329 supposed to be self-documenting, but here's a brief summary of what
336 C<Net::Z3950::APDU::Query> is a hash with two fields:
342 =item C<attributeSet>
344 Optional. If present, it is a reference to a
345 C<Net::Z3950::APDU::OID>. This is a string of dot-separated integers
346 representing the OID of the query's top-level attribute set.
350 Mandatory: a refererence to the RPN tree itself.
356 Each node of the tree is an object of one of the following types:
362 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::And>
364 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Or>
366 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::AndNot>
368 These three classes are all arrays of two elements, each of which is a
369 node of one of the above types.
371 =item C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Term>
373 See below for details.
377 (I guess I should make a superclass C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Node> and make
378 all of these subclasses of it. Not done that yet, but will do soon.)
386 C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Term> is a hash with two fields:
394 A string containing the search term itself.
398 A reference to a C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Attributes> object.
404 C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Attributes> is an array of references to
405 C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Attribute> objects. (Note the plural/singular
410 C<Net::Z3950::RPN::Attribute> is a hash with three elements:
416 =item C<attributeSet>
418 Optional. If present, it is dot-separated OID string, as above.
420 =item C<attributeType>
422 An integer indicating the type of the attribute - for example, under
423 the BIB-1 attribute set, type 1 indicates a ``use'' attribute, type 2
424 a ``relation'' attribute, etc.
426 =item C<attributeValue>
428 An integer indicating the value of the attribute - for example, under
429 BIB-1, if the attribute type is 1, then value 4 indictates a title
430 search and 7 indictates an ISBN search; but if the attribute type is
431 2, then value 4 indicates a ``greater than or equal'' search, and 102
432 indicates a relevance match.
438 Note that, at the moment, none of these classes have any methods at
439 all: the blessing into classes is largely just a documentation thing
440 so that, for example, if you do
442 { use Data::Dumper; print Dumper($args->{RPN}) }
444 you get something fairly human-readable. But of course, the type
445 distinction between the three different kinds of boolean node is
448 By adding your own methods to these classes (building what I call
449 ``augmented classes''), you can easily build code that walks the tree
450 of the incoming RPN. Take a look at C<samples/render-search.pl> for a
451 sample implementation of such an augmented classes technique.
454 =head2 Present handler
456 The presence of a present handler in a SimpleServer front-end is optional.
457 Each time a client wishes to retrieve records, the present service is
458 called. The present service allows the origin to request a certain number
459 of records retrieved from a given result set.
460 When the present handler is called, the front-end server should prepare a
461 result set for fetching. In practice, this means to get access to the
462 data from the backend database and store the data in a temporary fashion
463 for fast and efficient fetching. The present handler does *not* fetch
464 anything. This task is taken care of by the fetch handler, which will be
465 called the correct number of times by the YAZ library. More about this
467 If no present handler is implemented in the front-end, the YAZ toolkit
468 will take care of a minimum of preparations itself. This default present
469 handler is sufficient in many situations, where only a small amount of
470 records are expected to be retrieved. If on the other hand, large result
471 sets are likely to occur, the implementation of a reasonable present
472 handler can gain performance significantly.
474 The informations exchanged between client and present handle are:
477 ## Client/server request:
479 HANDLE => ref, ## Reference to datastructure
480 SETNAME => "id", ## Result set ID
481 START => xxx, ## Start position
482 COMP => "", ## Desired record composition
483 NUMBER => yyy, ## Number of requested records
486 ## Respons parameters:
488 HITS => zzz, ## Number of returned records
489 ERR_CODE => 0, ## Error code
490 ERR_STR => "" ## Error message
496 The fetch handler is asked to retrieve a SINGLE record from a given
497 result set (the front-end server will automatically call the fetch
498 handler as many times as required).
500 The parameters exchanged between the server and the fetch handler are
503 ## Client/server request:
505 HANDLE => ref ## Reference to data structure
506 SETNAME => "id" ## ID of the requested result set
507 OFFSET => nnn ## Record offset number
508 REQ_FORM => "n.m.k.l"## Client requested format OID
509 COMP => "xyz" ## Formatting instructions
513 RECORD => "" ## Record string
514 BASENAME => "" ## Origin of returned record
515 LAST => 0 ## Last record in set?
516 ERR_CODE => 0 ## Error code
517 ERR_STR => "" ## Error string
518 SUR_FLAG => 0 ## Surrogate diagnostic flag
519 REP_FORM => "n.m.k.l"## Provided format OID
522 The REP_FORM value has by default the REQ_FORM value but can be set to
523 something different if the handler desires. The BASENAME value should
524 contain the name of the database from where the returned record originates.
525 The ERR_CODE and ERR_STR works the same way they do in the search
526 handler. If there is an error condition, the SUR_FLAG is used to
527 indicate whether the error condition pertains to the record currently
528 being retrieved, or whether it pertains to the operation as a whole
529 (eg. the client has specified a result set which does not exist.)
531 If you need to return USMARC records, you might want to have a look at
532 the MARC module on CPAN, if you don't already have a way of generating
535 NOTE: The record offset is 1-indexed - 1 is the offset of the first
540 A full featured Z39.50 server should support scan (or in some literature
541 browse). The client specifies a starting term of the scan, and the server
542 should return an ordered list of specified length consisting of terms
543 actually occurring in the data base. Each of these terms should be close
544 to or equal to the term originally specified. The quality of scan compared
545 to simple search is a guarantee of hits. It is simply like browsing through
546 an index of a book, you always find something! The parameters exchanged are
551 HANDLE => $ref ## Reference to data structure
552 TERM => 'start', ## The start term
553 NUMBER => xx, ## Number of requested terms
554 POS => yy, ## Position of starting point
555 ## within returned list
556 STEP => 0, ## Step size
560 ERR_CODE => 0, ## Error code
561 ERR_STR => '', ## Diagnostic message
562 NUMBER => zz, ## Number of returned terms
563 STATUS => $status, ## ScanSuccess/ScanFailure
564 ENTRIES => $entries ## Referenced list of terms
567 where the term list is returned by reference in the scalar $entries, which
568 should point at a data structure of this kind,
574 { TERM => 'energy density',
577 { TERM => 'energy flow',
585 The $status flag should be assigned one of two values:
587 Net::Z3950::SimpleServer::ScanSuccess On success (default)
588 Net::Z3950::SimpleServer::ScanPartial Less terms returned than requested
590 The STEP member contains the requested number of entries in the term-list
591 between two adjacent entries in the response.
595 The argument hash recieved by the close handler has one element only:
599 HANDLE => ref ## Reference to data structure
602 What ever data structure the HANDLE value points at goes out of scope
603 after this call. If you need to close down a connection to your server
604 or something similar, this is the place to do it.
608 Anders Sønderberg (sondberg@indexdata.dk) and Sebastian Hammer
609 (quinn@indexdata.dk). Substantial contributions made by Mike Taylor
610 (mike@miketaylor.org.uk).
614 Any Perl module which is useful for accessing the database of your