+++ /dev/null
-<TAXON name="Allosauridae" nickname="Gigantic Predators">
- <WORD key="1" content="predator, big, large, huge, biggest, carnivore"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="carcharodontosaurine allosaurids"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Allosauridae" in="Allosaurus" out="Sinraptor" silhouette="carnosauria">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian, Hutchinson" year="1997"/>
- <UNNAMED cf="Acrocanthosaurus" silhouette="Acrocanthosaurus">
- <PLACE name="Ethiopia"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="giant" q="1">
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Acrocanthosaurus" silhouette="acrocanthosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Allosaurinae" in="Allosaurus" out="Carcharodontosaurus, Cryolophosaurus, Monolophosaurus, Sinraptor">
- <CSYNONYM name="Allosauridae" sensu="Sereno"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" incertae="1" name="Antrodemus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Wyomingraptor"/>
- <CGENUS name="Allosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE q="1" name="Carcharodontosaurinae" in="Carcharodontosaurus" out="Allosaurus, Cryolophosaurus, Monolophosaurus, Sinraptor">
- <CSYNONYM name="Carcharodontosauridae" sensu="Sereno"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Acrocanthosauridae" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Neovenator" q="1"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla, pelvis, femora, tibiae, fibulae"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CLADE>
- <UNNAMED comment="giant">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <!--LENGTH value="13"/-->
- <!--LENGTH value="14"/-->
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Bahariasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Carcharodontosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Giganotosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Neoceratosauria"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Mighty Hunters"> These were large, often huge predators. Some
-of the carcharodontosaurines are the largest known carnivores ever to walk
-upon the Earth, even larger than <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>.</P>
-
-<P>A recent find of a group of differently-aged carcharodontosaurines (the
-genus is yet to be publicly named) in association with each other suggests
-that these enormous carnivores may have hunted in packs. Interestingly,
-the largest known land animals of all time, <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>
-such as <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>, lived alongside these largest
-land predators of all time. It is possible that packs of South American
-carcharodontosaurines, each measuring up to 45 feet long, might have
-preyed upon herds of 130+-foot-long titanosaurs.</P>
-
-<P header="An Abelisaur Link?"> There are some cranial similarities
-between <LINK content="carcharodontosaurines"/> and <LINK content="abelisaurs"/>, another
-group of Gondwanan (Southern Hemisphere) carnivores. This is probably due to
-convergence. It has been noted that <NOMEN name="Abelisaurus"/>, which is
-known only from a cranium, could conceivably be <LINK
-content="carcharodontosaurine"/> and not a <LINK content="ceratosaur"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Alvarezsauria" nickname="Freakish Digging(?) Runners">
- <WORD key="1" content="bird"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Alvarezsauria" silhouette="alvarezsauria">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Alvarezsaurus"/>'s taxon
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Rapator" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Alvarezsauridae">
- <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Alvarezsaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Patagonykus"/>
- <CLADE name="Mononykinae" in="Mononykus, Parvicursor, Shuvuuia">
- <CSYNONYM name="Parvicursorinae"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Mononykus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornithomimus minutus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Parvicursor"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shuvuuia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Where Do They Belong?"> This recently discovered group has
-proven difficult to place. The original member, <NOMEN
-name="Alvarezsaurus"/>, was originally given its own family in <LINK
-content="Ceratosauria"/>. When <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> was first
-discovered, it proved a bafflement. It had <LINK content="bird"/>-like
-features (the skull, a keeled breastbone), unbirdlike features (the tail),
-features like <LINK content="arctometatarsalian coelurosaurs"/> (pinched
-middle metatarsal), and some features completely unique (the single,
-hooked claw on its stubby arms). (NOTE: Some of these fossils have been
-reassigned to the very closely related <NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/>.)</P>
-
-<P> The discovery of <NOMEN name="Patagonykus"/>, a creature seemingly
-transitional between the more primitive <NOMEN name="Alvarezsaurus"/> and
-the more derived mononykines, showed that all three probably belonged
-to the same group. They are now generally though to be primitive birds,
-although some think they may be related to <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>.
-(One piece of alvarezsaur ankle found by O. C. Marsh in the late 1800's was
-actually assigned to the genus <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>.) </P>
-
-<P header="Their Niche"> Alvarezsaurs were small, terrestrial animals with
-long legs. Their niche is far from certain. Since their stubby forearms
-were built so powerfully, it has been suggested that they used them for
-digging. (In fact, some think that their sterna were keeled as a digging
-adaptation, similar to moles, and that they evolved keeled sterna
-separately from birds, which evolved it for flying.) The overall body plan
-of alvarezsaurs is not that of a burrower, but it has been suggested that
-they might have fed on colonial insects, ripping into nests with their
-single-clawed hands. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Anapsida" nickname='"No Holes" - Turtles & Kin' simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="turtles"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="archelon, sea turtle, turtle"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Anapsida" in="Chelonia" out="Diapsida" silhouette="anapsida">
- <MEANING>
- without apses
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Parareptilia"/>
- <CLADE name="Mesosauridae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Millerettidae" q="1" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Procolophonomorpha">
- <CLADE name="Nyctiphruretia" extinct="1">
- <CGENUS name="Nycteroleter"/>
- <CLADE name="Nyctiphruretidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Procolophoniformes">
- <CLADE name="Procolophonidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Lanthanosuchoidea" extinct="1" q="1">
- <CGENUS name="Acleisterorhinus"/>
- <CLADE name="Lanthanosuchidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Sclerosauridae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Rhipaeosauridae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pareiasauridae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Proganochelyidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Proterochersidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Casichelonia">
- <CLADE name="Chelycarapookidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Kallokibotiidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Simemylidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Chelonia" crown="1" content="turtles">
- <CSYNONYM name="Testudinata"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Testudines"/>
- <CLADE name="Pleurodira">
- <MEANING>
- side necks
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Chelyidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Eusarkiidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Platychelidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Araripemydidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pelomedusidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Podocnmemoidea">
- <CLADE name="Bothremydidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Podocnemidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cryptodira">
- <MEANING>
- hidden necks
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Baenidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Glyptopsidae" extinct="1">
- <CSYNONYM name="Pleurosternidae" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Meiolaniidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Neeurankylidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Eucryptodira">
- <MEANING>
- true cryptodirans
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Plesiochelyidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Xinjiangchelys" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Sinemydidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Chelydridae" content="snapping turtles"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Chelonioidea" content="sea turtles">
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cheloniidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Toxochelyidae" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dermochelyidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Protostegidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Thalassemyidae" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Chelomacryptodira">
- <CLADE name="Testudinoidea">
- <CLADE name="Emydidae" content="box & water turtles"/>
- <CLADE name="Testudinidae" content="terrapins"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Trionychoidea">
- <CLADE name="Carettochelyidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Dermatemydidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Kinosternidae" content="mud & musk turtles"/>
- <CLADE name="Trionychidae" content="softshell turtles"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Anapsida is a clade of of <LINK content="reptiles"/> with no fenestrae
-(openings) in the back of their skulls. It includes large herbivores like
-pareiasaurs as well as modern-day turtles. During the <LINK
-content="Mesozoic Era"/>, "The Age of Reptiles", turtles grew to great
-sizes. Some, like <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Archelon"/>, were the size of a
-car! </P>
-
-<P>In traditional usage, Anapsida included all <LINK content="amniotes"/>
-without antorbital fenestrae. It has now been restricted to those sharing
-more recent ancestry with chelonians (turtles) than with other extant
-amniote groups. Membership is mostly the same, but excludes basalmost
-<LINK content="sauropsids"/> (e.g. <LINK content="mesosaurids"/>) and
-basal romeriids (e.g. <LINK content="captorhinids"/>).
-</P>
-
-<P> Within Reptilia, anapsids are probably the most distant relatives of
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Animalia" nickname="Animals" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="fauna, invertebrate, invertebrates"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="mollusk, ammonoid, ammonoids, horseshoe crab, rudist clams"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Cancelloidokytodermogammarus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Animalia" silhouette="animalia">
- <AUTHOR name="Linnaeus"/>
- <MEANING>
- animals
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Metazoa"/>
- <CLADE name="Porifera" content="sponges"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Phagocytellozoa"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Mesozoa" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Monoblastozoa" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Eumetazoa">
- <CLADE name="Cnidaria" content="hydrae, corals, jellyfish"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ctenophora" content="comb jellies"/>
- <CLADE name="Bilateralia" content="bilaterally symmetrical animals">
- <CLADE name="Acoelomata">
- <CLADE name="Xenoturbellida"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Gnathostomulida"/>
- <CLADE name="Platyhelminthes" content="flatworms"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Coelomata" content="animals with a true body cavity">
- <CLADE name="Protostomia">
- <CLADE name="Bryozoa" content='"moss creatures"' q="1">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ectoprocta"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cycliophora" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Entoprocta" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Pseudocoelomata" q="1">
- <CSYNONYM name="Aschelminthes"/>
- <CLADE q="1">
- <CLADE name="Chaetognatha"/>
- <CLADE name="Protoconodonta" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Nematoda">
- <CSYNONYM name="Nemata"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Nematomorpha"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Gastrotricha"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Acanthocephala"/>
- <CLADE name="Rotifera" content="rotifers"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Arthropodomorpha">
- <CLADE name="Arthropoda" content="insects, myriapods, arachnids, crustaceans, trilobites, tardigrades?, onychophorans?, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Sprigginida" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Amiskwiida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Nemertea">
- <CSYNONYM name="Nemertinea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Lobatocerebrida"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Myzostomida" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Banffida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Echiura">
- <CSYNONYM name="Echiuroidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Annelida" content="earthworms, leeches, bristleworms, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Vestimentifera"/>
- <CLADE name="Pogonophora" content="pogonophores"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE q="1">
- <CLADE name="Phoronida"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Tommotiida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Brachiopoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Palaeoscolecida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Kinorhyncha"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Loricifera"/>
- <CLADE name="Priapulida">
- <CSYNONYM name="Priapuloidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Tullimonsterida" content='"The Tully Monster"' extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Hyolitha" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Sipuncula">
- <CSYNONYM name="Sipunculoidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Chancelloriida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Sachitida" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Mollusca" content="chitons, snails, bivalves, cephalopods, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Siphogonuchitida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Halkieriida" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Deuterostomia">
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cambroclaves" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Echinodermata" content="crinoids, starfish, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, brittle stars"/>
- <CLADE name="Heterostelea" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dinomischida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Eldoniida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Rotadisciida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Paropsonemida" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Brachiopoda"/>
- <CLADE name="Graptolitha" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Hemichordata" content="acorn worms"/>
- <CLADE name="Chordata" content="animals with a notochord">
- <CLADE name="Calcichordata" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Urochordata" content="sea squirts">
- <CSYNONYM name="Tunicata"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cephalochordata" content="lancelets, Pikaia, etc.">
- <CSYNONYM name="Acraniata"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Craniata" content="chordates with heads">
- <CLADE name="Myxini" content="hagfish"/>
- <CLINK name="Vertebrata"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Among Earth's enormously vast array of animals, <LINK
-content="dinosaurs"/> belong to the <LINK content="vertebrate"/> clade,
-which is characterized by the possession of a backbone. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ankylosauria" nickname="Dinosaurian Tanks">
- <WORD key="1" content="nodosaurs, armored, scutes, spikes, armoured"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ankylosauria" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Stegosaurus" silhouette="ankylosauria">
- <MEANING><NOMEN name="Ankylosaurus"/>' taxon</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Carpenter" year="1997"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, ribs"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Cryptosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Heishansaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Peishansaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Priconodon" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Priodontognathus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Rhadinosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Stegosaurides" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tianzhenosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tyreophorus" q="1"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IM" id="K20/350" content="skull roof portion"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Minmi"/>
- <CLADE name="Ankylosauroidea" in="Ankylosaurus, Nodosaurus">
- <CLADE name="Stegopeltini" incertae="1">
- <UNNAMED comment="San Diego"></UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Glyptodontopelta"/>
- <CGENUS name="Stegopelta"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Nodosauridae" in="Nodosaurus" out="Ankylosaurus" silhouette="nodosauridae">
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="giant">
- <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Dracopelta" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Liaoningosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Palaeoscincus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pawpawsaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sarcolestes" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Struthiosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Anoplosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nodosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Edmontoniinae">
- <CGENUS name="Niobrarasaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Texasetes" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Animantarx"/>
- <CGENUS name="Edmontonia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Panoplosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Panoplosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Sauropelta"/>
- <CGENUS name="Silvisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Ankylosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Nodosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Hylaeosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pawpawsaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Sauropelta"/>
- <CLADE name="Panoplosaurinae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Edmontoniinae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Edmontonia"/>
- <CGENUS name="Panoplosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Solid Protection"> Ankylosaurs include the most heavily armored
-dinosaurs of all, the "tanks" of the <LINK content="Mesozoic"/>. The
-entire back was covered with bony plates, studs, and spikes. So was the
-head, right down to the eyelids! (Bony eyelids have been found in <NOMEN
-name="Pawpawsaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Euoplocephalus"/>, which are so
-distantly related within Ankylosauroidea as to suggest that all
-ankylosauroids had bony eyelids, at least primitively.) </P>
-
-<P> Some nodosaurids bore very large spikes along their sides, the largest
-often sprouting from the shoulders. These may have been used as defense,
-weapons in rivalry, or both. </P>
-
-<P header="Geographic Distribution"> These animals are known from all
-continents except South America and Africa. They were most prevalent in
-Laurasia (the northern supercontinent). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ankylosauridae" nickname="Club-Tails" silhouette="ankylosaurinae-shamosaurinae">
- <WORD key="1" content="armored, armoured, tail, club, weapon, spike"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ankylosauridae" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Nodosaurus" silhouette="ankylosauria">
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Aletopelta" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tianchisaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Polacanthinae" in="Polacanthus" out="Ankylosaurus, Shamosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Acanthopholis" q="1" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Gargoyleosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Hylaeosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Mymoorapelta"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Polacanthini">
- <CGENUS name="Gastonia"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Hoplitosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Polacanthus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE silhouette="ankylosaurinae-shamosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Cedarpelta"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Shamosaurinae" in="Shamosaurus" out="Ankylosaurus, Polacanthus">
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Gobisaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shamosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ankylosaurinae" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Polacanthus, Shamosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Sauroplites" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tsagantegia" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Ankylosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Syrmosaurini">
- <CGENUS name="Amtosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Maleevus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shanxia" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Talarurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Nodocephalosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Saichania"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tarchia"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Euoplocephalus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pinacosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Ankylosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Gargoyleosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Minmi"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shamosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Gastonia"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pinacosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Ankylosaurinae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="A Crippling Weapon"> A large club at the end of the tail
-distinguishes ankylosaurines and shamosaurines from the more primitive
-<LINK content="ankylosaurs"/> They probably used this club to give
-crippling blows to potential predators. A similar structure existed in the
-<LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>, as well as the
-glyptodonts, an extinct group of giant South American <LINK
-content="mammals"/> related to armadillos. Ankylosaurines also had
-shorter, more triangular skulls than other ankylosaurs and no spikes along
-their sides. </P>
-
-<P header="The Varieties"> Polacanthines were once classified as
-nodosaurids, but are now recognized as a distinct clade closer to the
-Ankylosaurinae. It was recently thought that they had small tail clubs,
-but this has been refuted. </P>
-
-<P> Shamosaurines had narrow snouts, especially compared to the very wide
-snouts of ankylosaurines. This may reflect different niches.</P>
-
-<P> Many ankylosaurines had complex, looping nasal passages, possibly to
-enhance their sense of smell. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Archosauromorpha" nickname='"Ruling Reptiles"' simple="1">
- <INCLUDED content="Desmatosuchus, Euparkeria, Hsisosuchus, Lewisuchus, Postosuchus, Proterosuchus, Rutiodon, Saltopus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Archosauromorpha" in="Archosauria" out="Lepidosauria" silhouette="archosauromorpha">
- <MEANING>archosaur forms</MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Doswellia" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Elastichosuchus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Trilophosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Rhynchosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Prolacertiformes">
- <MEANING>
- before lizard forms
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Protorosauria"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protorosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Kadimakara" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Malutinisuchus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Prolacertoides" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Trachelosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Prolacerta"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Jesairosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Malerisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Macrocnemus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Megalancosauridae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Drepanosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Boreopricea"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cosesaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Tanystropheidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Archosauriformes" in="Archosauria, Proterosuchus">
- <MEANING>archosaur forms</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1984"/>
- <CLADE name="Proterosuchidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Erythrosuchidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Euparkeria" exinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Archosauria" in="Neornithes, Crocodylia">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1984"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Avesuchia">
- <AUTHOR name="Benton" year="1999"/>
- </CSYNONYM>
- <MEANING>
- ruling lizards
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Lukousaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Saltoposuchus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Pseudosuchia" in="Crocodylia" out="Neornithes">
- <AUTHOR name="Zittel" year="1890"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Crocodylotarsi"/>
- <MEANING>
- false crocodiles
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Proterochampsidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Erpetosuchidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Ctenosauriscidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Crurotarsi" in="Ornithosuchus, Crocodylia">
- <MEANING>
- cross ankles
- </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1991"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Parasuchia" content="phytosaurids">
- <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1859"/>
- <MEANING>
- beside crocodiles
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Phytosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Prestosuchidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Lewisuchus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Turfanosuchus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Suchia" in="Crocodylia, Stagonolepis">
- <MEANING>
- crocodiles
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Pseudosuchia" sensu="Benton" year="1988"/>
- <CLADE name="Aetosauria" content="stagonolepidids">
- <CSYNONYM name="Aëtosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Rauisuchia" in="Crocodylia, Rauisuchus">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Rauisuchus"/>' taxon
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Rauisuchidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Gracilisuchus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Postosuchidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Paracrocodylomorpha" in="Crocodylia, Poposaurus">
- <MEANING>
- beside Crocodylomorpha
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Poposauridae"/>
- <CLINK name="Crocodylomorpha"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ornithosuchia" in="Neornithes" out="Crocodylia" silhouette="ornithosuchia">
- <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Avemetatarsalia">
- <AUTHOR name="Benton" year="1999"/>
- </CSYNONYM>
- <CGENUS name="Saltopus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>bird crocodiles</MEANING>
- <CLINK name="Ornithodira"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Archosauromorpha">
- <CLADE name="Rhynchosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithodira">
- <CLADE name="Prolacertiformes">
- <CSYNONYM name="Pterosauromorpha"/>
- <CGENUS name="Boreopricea"/>
- <CGENUS name="Jesairosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Prolacerta"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protorosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Megalancosauridae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Macrocnemus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Tanystropheidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Langobardisaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cosesaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Sharovipteryx"/>
- <CLINK name="Pterosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dinosauromorpha">
- <CLADE name="Archosauriformes">
- <CLADE name="Proterosuchidae">
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Erythrosuchidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Proterochampsidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Euparkeria"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Parasuchia"/>
- <CLADE name="Archosauria">
- <CLADE name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithosuchia">
- <CLADE name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Scleromochlus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Lagerpeton"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Marasuchus"/>
- <CLINK name="Dinosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Archosauromorpha includes all <LINK content="sauropsids"/> with
-four-chambered hearts, an evolutionary innovation that permitted them
-higher activity levels and terrestrial dominance throughout the <LINK
-content="Mesozoic Era"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Classification"> The forms shown here were once all included in
-Archosauria in the "grab-bag" taxon "Thecodontia" -- any archosaur that
-wasn't a <LINK content="crocodylian"/>, a <LINK content="pterosaur"/>, or
-a <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. This form of classification was abandoned
-once knowledge about these animals increased. </P>
-
-<P> The non-archosaur archosauromorphs, or "protoarchosaurs", show fairly
-wide diversity, from small hunters with insanely long necks like <NOMEN
-name="Tanystropheus" nolink="1"/> to large, beaked herbivores like the
-rhynchosaurs to the megalancosaurids, bizarre climbers with prehensile
-tails. </P>
-
-<P> The two major groups of Archosauria proper are rather poorly named.
-Pseudosuchia means "false crocodiles", yet it includes true ones.
-Ornithosuchia was named after the creature <NOMEN name="Ornithosuchus"
-nolink="1"/>, and defined as all animals sharing more recent ancestry with
-birds than with crocodiles. Unfortunately, subsequent analyses have shown
-that <NOMEN name="Ornithosuchus" nolink="1"/> was not an ornithosuchian,
-but a pseudosuchian! </P>
-
-<P header="The Struggle for Supremacy"> Pseudosuchians became the dominant
-terrestrial animals after the demise of the two previous <LINK
-content="synapsid"/> "dynasties" -- the "<LINK content="pelycosaurs"/>"
-and the non-<LINK content="mammalian"/> <LINK content="therapsids"/>. They
-diversified into many niches: armored herbivores (aetosaurs), big
-carnivores (rauisuchians), tiny sprinters (<NOMEN name="Lewisuchus"
-nolink="1"/>), and water-dwellers (parasuchians and <LINK
-content="crocodylomorphs"/>). There is evidence that many pseudosuchians
-may have been agile, active creatures, unlike the only modern
-pseudosuchians (<LINK content="crocodylians"/>) which have reverted to a
-sluggish lifestyle. </P>
-
-<P> But by the end of the <LINK content="Triassic"/> they had been
-outcompeted by their fellow archosaurs, the ornithosuchian <LINK
-content="ornithodirans"/>. Dinosaurs and pterosaurs would continue to
-dominate terrestrial and aerial niches until the end of the <LINK
-content="Mesozoic"/>, far longer than any previous or subsequent
-terrestrial "dynasty" (and they <U>still</U> dominate aerial niches!). Of
-all the pseudosuchians, only the aquatic crocodylomorphs survived beyond
-the <LINK content="Triassic"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Avialae" nickname="Birds & Near-Birds" silhouette="aves">
- <WORD key="1" content="origin, feather, link"/>
- <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="bird, birds, archaeopterygian"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Avialae" in="Neornithes" out="Deinonychus" silhouette="paraves">
- <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian" year="1997"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" cf="Archaeopteryx">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Romania"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial humerus"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Wyleyia" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Aves" in="Archaeopteryx, Neornithes" silhouette="aves">
- <AUTHOR name="Linnaeus"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Chiappe"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Avialae" sensu="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- birds
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED comment='"Archaeoraptor"' incertae="1">
- <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="forepart of skeleton with integument impressions"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CLADE name="Archaeopterygiformes">
- <CSYNONYM name="Archaeornithes"/>
- <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE in="Neornithes" out="Archaeopteryx">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithurae" sensu="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <CGENUS name="Hulsanpes" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Yandangornis" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Pygostylia" in="Confuciusornis, Neornithes" silhouette="pygostylia">
- <MEANING>
- pygostyles <LOW>("Parson's noses")</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4821" content="proximal coracoid"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Catenoleimus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Confuciusornithidae">
- <CGENUS name="Changchengornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Confuciusornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Proornis"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Abavornis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Explorornis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Holbotia" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Incolornis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Jibeinia"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Longipteryx"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Noguerornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protopteryx" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Zhyraornithidae" incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Zhyraornis">
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ornithothoraces" in="Iberomesornis, Neornithes">
- <MEANING><LOW>modern</LOW> bird chests</MEANING>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Platanavis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Vorona" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Enantiornithes"/>
- <CLADE name="Euornithes" in="Neornithes" out="Sinornis">
- <MEANING>true birds</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1998"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithurae" sensu="Feduccia"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Kuszholia" silhouette="pygostylia-flightless" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Liaoningornis"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Yanornis"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Yixianornis"/>
- <CLADE name="Gansuiformes" incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Gansus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ambiortiformes" incertae="1">
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Otogornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ambiortus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Patagopterygiformes" incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Patagopteryx" silhouette="pygostylia-flightless"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Gargantuavis" silhouette="pygostylia-flightless"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Chaoyangiiformes" incertae="1">
- <CLADE name="Chaoyangiidae">
- <CGENUS name="Chaoyangia"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Songlingornithidae" q="1">
- <CGENUS name="Songlingornis"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Ornithurae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Avialae">
- <CLADE name="Aves">
- <CLADE name="Metornithes"/>
- <CLADE name="Archaeornithes">
- <MEANING>
- ancient birds
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Archaeopterygiformes"/>
- <CGENUS name="Unenlagia"/>
- <CLADE name="Archaeopterygidae">
- <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
- <CGENUS name="Rahonavis"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Avialae">
- <CLADE name="Metornithes">
- <CLADE name="Alvarezsauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Aves">
- <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
- <CLADE name="Pygostylia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Avialae">
- <CLINK name="Troodontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Aves"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Aves">
- <CSYNONYM name="Pygostylia"/>
- <CLADE name="Archaeornithes">
- <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
- <CLADE name="Confuciusornithidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithothoraces" sensu="Chatterjee"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protoavis"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithothoraces">
- <CSYNONYM name="Pygostylia" sensu="Chatterjee"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Aves">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithothoraces"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Pygostylia"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithurae"/>
- <CLADE name="Saururae" in="Archaeopteryx" out="Neornithes">
- <MEANING>
- lizard tails
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Sauriurae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
- <CGENUS name="Caudipteryx"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
- <CGENUS name="Yandangornis"/>
- <CLADE name="Enantiornithes"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Origins">Birds evolved from small, possibly "sickle-clawed"
-<LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> probably sometime during the <LINK
-content="Jurassic"/> (some have suggested the <LINK content="Triassic"/>),
-as did their close relatives the <LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/>. The
-earliest known definite bird is the European <NOMEN
-name="Archaeopteryx"/>, a small flying predator from the Late Jurassic.
-The North American <NOMEN name="Protoavis"/> has been interpreted as a
-Late Triassic bird that is more "advanced" than <NOMEN
-name="Archaeopteryx"/>, but few <LINK content="dinosaur"/>/bird
-researchers agree with this at present.</P>
-
-<P header="Advanced Forms">Pygostylian birds are characterized by a
-pygostyle, a fusion of the vertebrae at the end of the tail. This trait
-seems to have evolved convergently in at least one <LINK
-content="oviraptorosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Nomingia"/>) and at least one
-<LINK content="megalancosaurid"/> (<NOMEN name="Drepanosaurus"
-nolink="1"/>).</P>
-
-<P>Ornithothoracean birds, a large subset of pygostylians that includes
-<LINK content="modern birds"/>, have a "modern-style" thorax and an alula,
-or "bastard wing" -- a group of feathers associated with the first finger
-that aids maneuverability in flight.</P>
-
-<P header="From the Trees or From the Ground?">Unlike the other two groups of
-flying <LINK content="vertebrates"/>, <LINK content="pterosaurs"/> and
-<LINK content="bats"/>, the hindlimbs of birds are not in any way coupled with
-the wings, and remain free for running. Due to this and other pieces of
-evidence, some dinosaur researchers argue that birds did not evolve from a
-tree-dwelling ancestor, as the other groups are thought to have. Recent
-studies suggest that <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> could run fast enough to
-take off from the ground, bolstering this hypothesis, commonly known as the
-"Ground Up" hypothesis. </P>
-
-<P>But many disagree with this idea, arguing that flight in birds evolved as
-it seems to have in bats and pterosaurs -- from the "Trees Down".
-They hold that bird ancestors were scansorial coelurosaurs which leaped from
-tree to tree, then evolved into gliders, and from there to fliers. The
-facts that <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> has claws sharply recurved for
-climbing and that its first toe is reversed for perching support this
-idea.</P>
-
-<P>As of now, the fossil evidence does not clearly favor either the
-"Trees Down" or "Ground Up" hypotheses of the evolution
-of flight in birds. </P>
-
-<P header="An Opposing View">The hypothesis that birds descended from
-dinosaurs has been around for a long time. Thomas Huxley (a.k.a. "Darwin's
-bulldog") proposed such a relationship based on similarities between
-<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> and dinosaurs. This view was dismissed by
-Gerhard Heilmann, who noted that dinosaurs lack clavicles, which are not
-only present in birds but fused to form the furcula, or "wishbone".
-Heilmann's suggestion that birds and dinosaurs descended separately from
-"thecodont" (basal <LINK content="archosaurian"/>) stock held fast for
-most of the 1900's.</P>
-
-<P>Heilmann's view was finally dispelled by the discovery that some <LINK
-content="theropod"/> dinosaur fossils (such as those of <NOMEN
-name="Segisaurus"/>) <U>do</U> in fact have clavicles. In <LINK
-content="tetanuran"/> forms (such as <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/>, <LINK
-content="oviraptorids"/>, <LINK content="allosaurids"/>), they are even
-fused to form furculae. These elements had often been mistaken for rib
-fragments. Additionally, clavicles are reduced or missing in some modern
-birds, and were likely so for many other theropods.</P>
-
-<P>A more recent objection to the dinosaur-bird link is the claim that
-embryological evidence shows the digits in the hands of modern birds to be
-II-III-IV, not I-II-III as in coelurosaurs and other <LINK
-content="tetanurans"/>. In fact, the story may be quite a bit more
-complicated. It is not certain that the element that has been interpreted
-as a vestigial digit I is in fact digit I. Furthermore, other studies show
-that frame shift can cause some birds to have digits aligned differently
-than in other birds, even with the same species.</P>
-
-<P>Opponents of the dinosaurian theory of bird origins have yet to
-propose an explicit alternate theory, generally stating that birds
-evolved from basal <LINK content="archosauromorphs"/> of some kind. They
-also have yet to explain why such an enormous degree of convergence
-would appear between birds and terrestrial <LINK content="theropods"/>
-when they represent separate niches.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Carnosauria" nickname='"Meat Reptiles" - Mighty Hunters' silhouette="monolophosaurus">
- <WORD key="1" content="predator, hunter"/>
- <WORD essay="1" key="1" content="allosaurs"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Carnosauria" in="Allosaurus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="carnosauria">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1914"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Hutchinson, Padian" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> lizards
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
- <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CSYNONYM name="Allosauria"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Allosauroidea" sensu="Sereno" year="1998"/>
- <CGENUS name="Xuanhanosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cryolophosaurus" silhouette="cryolophosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Fukuiraptor"/>
- <CGENUS name="Monolophosaurus" silhouette="monolophosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Allosauroidea" in="Allosaurus, Sinraptor">
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Lourinhanosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Sinraptoridae" in="Sinraptor" out="Allosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Gasosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sinraptor"/>
- <CGENUS name="Szechuanosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Yangchuanosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Allosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="History"> The taxon Carnosauria once included all large <LINK
-content="theropods"/>, from large <LINK content="ceratosaurs"/> to <LINK
-content="megalosaurs"/> to <LINK content="tyrannosaurs"/>. More recent
-research shows that most of these are more closely allied to other groups.
-Today, only the allosaurids and their relatives are considered true
-carnosaurs (The precise definition: all animals sharing a more recent
-common ancestor with <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/> than with <LINK
-content="modern birds"/>). </P>
-
-<P header="Ornate Killers"> Many carnosaurs bore crests atop their heads.
-The primitive forms <NOMEN name="Monolophosaurus"/> and <NOMEN
-name="Cryolophosaurus"/> (one of the few dinosaurs from Antarctica) had
-ridges along the tops of their snouts. In <NOMEN name="Cryolophosaurus"/>
-this culminated in a large, vertical crest. <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/> had
-paired crests above the eyes, especially prominent in
-<NOMEN name="A. fragilis"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="An Early End"> Carnosaurs did not survive to the end of the
-<LINK content="Mesozoic"/>. They may have been out-competed by <LINK
-content="abelisaurids"/> and <LINK content="tyrannosaurids"/>. But in
-their heyday they included the largest known land predators of all time.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Centrosaurinae" nickname="Dinosaurian Rhinoceri">
- <WORD key="1" content="horned, frilled, spike, nose, snout"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Centrosaurinae" in="Centrosaurus" out="Ceratops" silhouette="centrosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Avaceratops" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Centrosaurini">
- <CGENUS name="Centrosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Styracosaurus" silhouette="styracosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pachyrhinosaurini">
- <CGENUS name="Brachyceratops"/>
- <CGENUS name="Monoclonius"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Einiosaurus" silhouette="einiosaurus"/>
- <CLADE silhouette="achelousaurus-pachyrhinosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Achelousaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Coronosauria"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Physical Characteristics"> One of the two main lineages of ceratopsids (a.k.a. horned
-dinosaurs"), most centrosaurines bore large horns on their noses. Unlike
-most members of their sister group, the <LINK content="ceratopsines"/>,
-their neck frills tended to be relatively short, although often
-accentuated by two large spikes at the top, or spikes all along the rim of
-the frill as in <NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>. Their snouts were also
-short. </P>
-
-<P> The advanced pachyrhinosaurins had a large, blunt bony growth in place
-of the nasal horn. This may have formed the core of a horny pad in life,
-or possibly the core of a gigantic nasal horn. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ceratopsia" nickname="Frilled Dinosaurs">
- <WORD key="1" content="frilled, horned, protoceratopsian"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="the horned & frilled dinosaurs"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsia" in="Ceratops" out="Pachycephalosaurus" silhouette="ceratopsia">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopia"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Echizensaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Trachodon" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Psittacosauria" in="Psittacosaurus" out="Ceratops">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Psittacosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Neoceratopsia" in="Ceratops" out="Psittacosaurus" silhouette="neoceratopsia">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- new ceratopsians
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" cf="Leptoceratops">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P186385" content="ulna"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="middle" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="early" value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Leptoceratops">
- <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentaries"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Asiaceratops" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Magulodon" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Microceratops" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Graciliceratops" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Leptoceratops" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Udanoceratops" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chaoyangsaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Archaeoceratops"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kulceratops" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Coronosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This group of herbivores contains the frilled <LINK
-content="dinosaurs"/>, including the horned dinosaurs. Like many other
-groups of <LINK content="Late Cretaceous"/> dinosaurs, they inhabited only Asia and North
-America. </P>
-
-<P header="Evolution"> <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> is the most primitive known
-ceratopsian. The back of its skull hints at the giant neck frill of later
-ceratopsians. Its powerful parrot-like beak, for which the genus was named
-("parrot lizard"), features an extra bone. This bone, the rostral bone, is
-unique to ceratopsians. </P>
-
-<P> The creatures on this page were all bipedal. From such as these came
-the quadrupedal <LINK content="coronosaurs"/>. Coronosaurs were generally
-larger, although at least one bipedal ceratopsian (<NOMEN
-name="Udanoceratops"/>) grew to a fairly large size. Bipedal ceratopsians
-persisted until the end of the <LINK content="Mesozoic"/>, co-existing with
-the more advanced <LINK content="ceratopsoids"/>. </P>
-
-<P> (See <LINK content="Ceratopsinae"/> for a discussion on the "s" in
-Ceratopsia). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ceratopsinae" nickname="Three-Horns">
- <WORD key="1" content="horned, frilled"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsinae" in="Ceratops" out="Centrosaurus" silhouette="ceratopsinae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopinae"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Chasmosaurinae"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Agathauminae" q="1"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Polyonax" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ugrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Chasmosaurini">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopsini" q="1"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopini" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ceratops" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chasmosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pentaceratops"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Anchiceratops"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Arrhinoceratops"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Torosaurus"/>
- <CLADE silhouette="diceratops-triceratops">
- <CGENUS name="Diceratops"/>
- <CGENUS name="Triceratops"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Coronosauria"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Physical Characteristics"> Unlike their sister group, the <LINK content="centrosaurines"/>,
-ceratopsines (a.k.a. chasmosaurines), placed more emphasis on brow horns
-than the nasal horn, to the point that some barely had a nasal horn at
-all, hence names like <NOMEN name="Arrhinoceratops"/> ("without nose-horn
-face") and <NOMEN name="Diceratops"/> ("two-horned face"). </P>
-
-<P> Their neck frills were longer than those of centrosaurines, except in
-the lineage leading to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>, wherein they became
-short and completely solid, with no parietal fenestrae. </P>
-
-<P header="A Name Problem"> There has been some disagreement over the name of this group and all
-other groups named after the genus <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/>. For years
-they have been known as Ceratopsidae, Ceratopsia, etc. Some have pointed
-out that this is not correct Greek, and that the "s" should be dropped,
-hence Ceratopidae, Ceratopia. But the names with "s" have become deeply
-entrenched in <LINK content="dinosaur"/> terminology, and are used on this
-site. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Coelophysoidea" nickname="Early Kink-Snouted Predators" silhouette="coelophysoidea-large">
- <WORD key="1" content="spitter, frill, Gojira, Godzilla"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Coelophysoidea" in="Coelophysis" out="Ceratosaurus" silhouette="neotheropoda">
- <CSYNONYM name="Podokesauroidea"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dolichosuchus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gojirasaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="coelophysoidea-large"/>
- <CGENUS name="Halticosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pterospondylus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shuvosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dilophosaurus" silhouette="coelophysoidea-large"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Liliensternus" silhouette="coelophysoidea-large"/>
- <CLADE>
- <UNNAMED comment='"Shake-N-Bake"'>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CLADE name="Coelophysidae" in="Coelophysis, Procompsognathus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Podokesauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Procompsognathinae" in="Procompsognathus" out="Coelophysis">
- <CSYNONYM name="Segisaurinae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Procompsognathus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Segisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Coelophysinae" in="Coelophysis" out="Procompsognathus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Podokesaurinae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Camposaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Coelophysis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Eucoelophysis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Podokesaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Syntarsus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1"><REFER page="Theropoda"/></CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Strange Jaws"> <ILLO name="coelophysid_skull"/> Coelophysoids were a group of early
-<LINK content="neotheropods"/>. Most were characterized by a kink in the
-front of the upper snout, similar to the snout kink of the <LINK
-content="spinosaurids"/>. (In fact, some have considered spinosaurids to
-be late-surviving coelophysoids.) It was once thought that this kink,
-which allowed some mobility for the premaxilla, would have weakened the
-skull. But it is now known to have been internally strengthened, and ideas
-that coelophysoids could not have been true predators have been dismissed.
-</P>
-
-<P header="Sizes"> <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> and the similar <NOMEN name="Syntarsus"/>
-and <NOMEN name="Eucoelophysis"/> were medium-small hunters, larger than
-the tiny procompsognathines. <NOMEN name="Liliensternus"/>, <NOMEN
-name="Dilophosaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Gojirasaurus"/> were the largest
-coelophysoids, about 15 to 20 feet long. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Coelurosauria" nickname="Very Advanced Theropods" silhouette="coelurosauria-small">
- <WORD key="1" content="coelurosaurian, maniraptoran, bird, avian, origin, feather, feathers, feathered, proto, proto-feather, integument, skin, impressions"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="arctometatarsalian, arctometatarsalians, arctometatarsalian coelurosaurs, ornitholestid, ornitholestids"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Coelurosauria" in="Neornithes" out="Allosaurus" silhouette="coelurosauria-large">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1914"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- hollow-tailed lizards
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <PLACE name="District of Columbia"/>
- <REMAINS content="caudal vertebra (lost)"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1" indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="pedal phalanx"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="K"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="vertebrae, ribs, caudal series, radius, ulna, manus, hindlimbs, pedes"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="basal">
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <REMAINS value="tarsus"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small, big-toothed" silhouette="coelurosauria-small">
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="latest"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="earliest"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Aniksosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Beelemodon"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chilantaisaurus maortuensis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornithomimus affinis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ozraptor" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Piveteausaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="ornitholestidae"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bagaraatan"/>
- <CGENUS name="Deltadromeus"/>
- <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes" in="Neornithes, Ornithomimus">
- <MEANING>maniraptor forms</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Holtz" year="1996"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Deinonychosauria" sensu="Sereno" q="1"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Manuraptoriformes"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Maniraptora" sensu="Holtz" year="1994"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Bullatosauria" q="1"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Tyrannoraptora" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- </CSYNONYM>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="deinonychosaur or troodontid" silhouette="deinonychosauria">
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1" comment="dryptosaurid?">
- <REMAINS content="forelimb elements"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="deinonychosaurian?">
- <REMAINS content="teeth, limb elements"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="deinonychosaurian?">
- <REMAINS content="many elements, including two cervical vertebrae and a manual ungual"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Archaeornithoides" incertae="1" silhouette="maniraptora"/>
- <CGENUS name="Aristosuchus sp." incertae="1" silhouette="coelurosauria-small" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Arkansaurus" q="1" silhouette="ornithomimosauria"/>
- <CGENUS name="Bradycneme" incertae="1" silhouette="maniraptora"/>
- <CGENUS name="Calamosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Diplotomodon" q="1" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dryptosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Elopteryx" incertae="1" silhouette="maniraptora"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ginnareemimus" incertae="1" silhouette="ornithomimosauria"/>
- <CGENUS name="Harpymimus" incertae="1" silhouette="ornithomimosauria"/>
- <CGENUS name="Heptasteornis" incertae="1" silhouette="maniraptora"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Labocania" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nqwebasaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nedcolbertia" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornitholestes" silhouette="ornitholestidae" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornithomimus sp." incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Phaedrolosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Proceratosaurus" q="1" silhouette="ornitholestidae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ricardoestesia" incertae="1" silhouette="maniraptora"/>
- <CGENUS name="Santanaraptor" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Scipionyx" silhouette="coelurosauria-small" q="1"/>
- <CLADE incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Euronychodon" q="1" silhouette="deinonychosauria"/>
- <CGENUS name="Paronychodon" q="1" silhouette="deinonychosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Avimimidae" incertae="1" silhouette="avimimidae">
- <CGENUS name="Avimimus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kakuru" q="1"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Coeluridae" silhouette="coelurosauria-small" q="1">
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/99"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Coelurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Compsognathidae" silhouette="coelurosauria-small" q="1">
- <CSYNONYM name="Sinosauropterygidae"/>
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <!--Romualdo Member, Santana Formation-->
- <!--Martill, Frey, Sues & Cruickshank, 2000-->
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMNK" id="2349 PAL" content="partial ilium, pubis, ischium, femora, distal ends of fibula and tibia, sacral vertebrae, ?intestinal track, ?postpubic air sac"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Aristosuchus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Compsognathus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sinosauropteryx"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Troodontidae" incertae="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Arctometatarsalia" in="Ornithomimus" out="Neornithes">
- <MEANING>pinched metatarsals</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Holtz" year="1994"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" year="1996"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithomimosauria" sensu="Sereno"/>
- <CLINK name="Ornithomimosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Maniraptora" in="Neornithes" out="Ornithomimus" silhouette="maniraptora">
- <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Holtz" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>big-</LOW>handed raiders
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Manuraptora"/>
- <UNNAMED q="1" comment="2-meter-long">
- <REMAINS content="multiple specimens"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="(oviraptorosaurian?)">
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P186386" content="right surangular (lower jaw part)"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P186302" content="vertebra" q="1"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="K" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <PLACE name="Russia"/>
- <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Lebanon"/>
- <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Aptian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Aptian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Palaeopteryx" q="1" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protarchaeopteryx" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Timimus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE in="Neornithes, Oviraptor">
- <CSYNONYM name="Maniraptora" sensu="Sereno"/>
- <CLADE in="Oviraptor" out="Neornithes">
- <CSYNONYM name="Oviraptorosauria" sensu="Currie, Padian" year="1997"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="late" value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Shanyangosaurus"/>
- <CLINK name="Therizinosauria"/>
- <CLADE>
- <UNNAMED>
- <REMAINS content="jaws"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- <TIME value="LJ" section="late"/>
- <REMAINS content="caudal vertebra"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Caudipteryx" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Thecocoelurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Microvenator"/>
- <CLINK name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Paraves" in="Neornithes" out="Oviraptor" silhouette="paraves">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno"/>
- <MEANING>
- beside <LINK content="Aves"/>
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="disarticulated bones"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="dorsal vertebra, 3 caudal centra, complete rib, partial metatrasal II, manual & pedal unguals"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="large" silhouette="paraves-flightless">
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <REMAINS content="left ungual phalanx (digit II), right metatarsal II, etc."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora" in="Neornithes, Deinonychus">
- <AUTHOR name="Padian, Hutchinson, Holtz" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- true maniraptors
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Eumanuraptora"/>
- <UNNAMED cf="Sinornithosaurus" q="1">
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="91" age="subadult" content="complete skeleton with well-preserved feathery integument"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Microraptor" incertae="1" silhouette="deinonychosauria"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Rahonavis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sinornithosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Unenlagia" silhouette="paraves-flightless"/>
- <CLINK name="Deinonychosauria"/>
- <CLINK name="Avialae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Alvarezsauria" incertae="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
- <CLADE name="Maniraptora"/>
- <CLADE name="Arctometatarsalia">
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Bullatosauria" in="Ornithomimus, Troodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Holtz" year="1994"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>pneumatic <LOW>braincase</LOW> lizards</MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Tyrannoraptora" in="Neornithes, Tyrannosaurus">
- <MEANING>
- tyrant raiders
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Scipionyx"/>
- <CLADE name="Compsognathidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Maniraptora">
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosauria"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Caudipteryx"/>
- <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Paraves">
- <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora">
- <CLADE name="Avialae"/>
- <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria">
- <CLADE name="Dromaeosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
- <CLADE name="Arctometatarsalia">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithomimosauria" sensu="Sereno"/>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosauria" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimoidea" sensu="Sereno">
- <CLADE name="Alvarezsauria">
- <CSYNONYM name="Alvarezsauridae" sensu="Sereno"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithomimidae" sensu="Sereno"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Maniraptora">
- <CLADE name="Tyrannoraptora">
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CSYNONYM name="Maniraptora" sensu="Sereno"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Caudipteryx"/>
- <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Paraves">
- <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora">
- <CLADE name="Avialae"/>
- <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria">
- <CLADE name="Dromaeosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Compsognathia">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Sinosauropterygiformes" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Scipionyx"/>
- <CLADE name="Compsognathidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornitholestidae">
- <CGENUS name="Ornitholestes"/>
- <CGENUS name="Piveteausaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Proceratosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
- <CLADE name="Maniraptora"/>
- <CLADE name="Arctometatarsalia">
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Bullatosauria">
- <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria">
- <CGENUS name="Pelecanimimus"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimoidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosauria">
- <CGENUS name="Harpymimus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosauroidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Maniraptora">
- <CLADE name="Paraves"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Tyrannoraptora">
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Compsognathidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Maniraptora">
- <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Paraves">
- <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora">
- <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Avialae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Paraves">
- <CGENUS name="Dromaeosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora">
- <CLADE name="Avialae"/>
- <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria">
- <CGENUS name="Deinonychus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Saurornithoides"/>
- <CGENUS name="Velociraptor"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="History">Coelurosauria once included all the small <LINK content="theropods"/>.
-It was the sister group to <LINK content="Carnosauria"/>, which included
-all the big theropods. This system of theropod classification has become
-very much outdated, but the original names are still kept for certain
-actual groups. If the more primitive forms of the old Coelurosauria are
-excluded and a few other forms are added (including <LINK
-content="birds"/>), they do form a monophyletic group. Interestingly,
-this group that once contained only small theropods now includes <NOMEN
-name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, one of the largest theropods, indeed, one of
-the largest land predators of all time.</P>
-
-<P>Coelurosaurs are an enormously diverse group. They include <LINK
-content="fast runners"/>, <LINK content="night prowlers"/>, <LINK
-content="gigantic predators"/>, <LINK content="toothless weirdos"/>, <LINK
-content="vicious carnivores"/>, and the incredibly varied birds. </P>
-
-<P header="Integument"> Skin impressions are known from several coelurosaurs.
-A partial impression, possibly from the tail of a <LINK content="tyrannosaur"/>
-shows scales like those seen in other dinosaurs. All other
-coelurosaur skin impressions, such as those of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, <NOMEN
-name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>, and birds like
-<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>,
-show feathers or feather-like integument. Such integument may have been
-present in the earliest coelurosaurs, then lost in gigantic forms, much as
-gigantic <LINK content="mammals"/> tend not to have hair. </P>
-
-<P header="Classification and Characters"> The advanced coelurosaurs make up
-Maniraptoriformes. All
-maniraptoriforms sharing a more recent ancestor with <NOMEN
-name="Ornithomimus"/> than with birds are arctometatarsalians. All sharing
-a more recent ancestor with birds than with <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>
-are maniraptors. It is not certain whether some groups (coelurids,
-compsognathids, ornitholestids, etc.) belong to one of these two groups
-or fall outside of Maniraptoriformes. </P>
-
-<P> Arctometatarsalia originally included <LINK content="caenagnathids"/>,
-avimimids, tyrannosauroids, troodontids, and ornithomimosaurs. It was
-named for the arctometatarsalian foot of these animals, wherein the
-middle metatarsal is pinched at the top. This trait, an adaptation for
-running, is now thought to have evolved separately in caenagnathids
-and possibly in all five of the groups. <LINK content="Mononykines"/>
-have an extreme version of this feature. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Coronosauria" nickname="Horned Dinosaurs & Kin">
- <WORD key="1" content="frilled, horned"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Coronosauria" in="Triceratops, Protoceratops" silhouette="coronosauria">
- <MEANING>
- crowned lizards
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Bagaceratops"/>
- <CGENUS name="Breviceratops"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protoceratops"/>
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsoidea" in="Ceratops, Montanoceratops" silhouette="ceratopsoidea">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopoidea"/>
- <CGENUS name="Montanoceratops"/>
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsomorpha" in="Ceratops, Zuniceratops" silhouette="ceratopsomorpha">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/> forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Zuniceratops"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Turanoceratops"/>
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsidae" in="Ceratops, Centrosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Agathaumidae"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopidae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Agathaumas" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Claorhynchus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dysganus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Centrosaurinae"/>
- <CLINK name="Ceratopsinae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Coronosauria">
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsoidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Protoceratopsidae" in="Protoceratops" out="Ceratops">
- <CGENUS name="Bagaceratops"/>
- <CGENUS name="Breviceratops"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protoceratops"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsidae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopsoidea"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopsomorpha"/>
- <CLADE name="Centrosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Montanoceratops"/>
- <CLADE comment="other centrosaurines"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsinae">
- <CGENUS name="Zuniceratops"/>
- <CLADE comment="other ceratopsines"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsoidea">
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsomorpha"/>
- <CLADE name="Leptoceratopsidae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Leptoceratopidae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Leptoceratops"/>
- <CGENUS name="Montanoceratops"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE in="Avaceratops, Chasmosaurus, Centrosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopsidae" sensu="Penkalski, Dodson" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Avaceratops"/>
- <CLADE name="Ceratopsidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Characteristics"> This group includes all of the quadrupedal <LINK
-content="ceratopsians"/>. Coronosaurs tend to be larger and have larger
-neck frills than more primitive ceratopsians. There has been much dispute
-as to whether the front limbs of coronosaurs were held fully erect or
-sprawling to various degrees. An intermediate posture seems most likely. </P>
-
-<P> The most primitive coronosaurs, like the well-known <NOMEN
-name="Protoceratops"/>, lacked horns, although they bore small bumps on
-their noses. <NOMEN name="Montanoceratops"/>, the most primitive known
-ceratopsoid, possessed a true horn on its nose. In addition to the nasal
-horn ceratopsomorphs like <NOMEN name="Zuniceratops"/> possessed brow
-horns above their eyes. </P>
-
-<P> The function of the neck frills in these and other ceratopsians is not
-certain. They may have borne colorful displays, protected the neck from
-predators, anchored powerful cheek muscles, amplified low-frequency sounds,
-or performed a combination of these functions. In <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, one gender (male?) has
-a much wider frill than the other, supporting the idea that these were
-used as sexual displays. </P>
-
-<P header="The Mighty Ceratopsids"> Hailing from the very latest stretch of
-the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>, ceratopsids were the pinnacle of
-<LINK content="ceratopsian"/> evolution. They included some of the very
-largest <LINK
-content="ornithischians"/>, such as the mighty <NOMEN
-name="Triceratops"/>. They are only known from North America (unless the
-Asian <NOMEN name="Turanoceratops"/> is really a ceratopsid). </P>
-
-<P> Skin impressions are known from both centrosaurine ceratopsids (<NOMEN
-name="Centrosaurus"/>) and ceratopsine ceratopsids (<NOMEN
-name="Chasmosaurus"/>). They both show large, flat scales interspersed
-with larger, round tubercles. </P>
-
-<P header="Classification"> The genera listed here, plus other <LINK content="neoceratopsians"/>
-were once grouped in the family Protoceratopsidae (=Protoceratopidae),
-since they all had claws instead of hooves. Most now consider this a
-paraphyletic (and hence invalid) grouping. There may, however, be a
-monophyletic (hence valid) group of basal coronosaurs which would be
-termed Protoceratopsidae. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Crocodylomorpha" nickname='"Crocs"' simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="crocodile, crocodilian"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Crocodylus, Deinosuchus, Phobosuchus, Purussaurus, Simosuchus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Crocodylomorpha" silhouette="crocodylomorpha">
- <AUTHOR name="Walker" year="1970"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Crocodylus"/> <LOW>(crocodile)</LOW> forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Sphenosuchidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Crocodyliformes">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Crocodylus"/> <LOW>(crocodile)</LOW> forms
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Crocodylia" sensu="lato"/>
- <CGENUS name="Eopneumatosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gobiosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Orthosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Protosuchidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Mesoeucrocodylia">
- <MEANING>
- intermediate true crocodylians
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED comment="Fruita"/>
- <CGENUS name="Mahajangasuchus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Baurusuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Notosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Libycosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Sebecus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Araripesuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Neosuchia">
- <CLADE name="Atoposauridae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Bernissartia" extinct="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Goniopholis" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Eutretauranosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dyrosauridae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pholidosaurus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Thalattosuchia" extinct="1">
- <CGENUS name="Pelagosaurus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Metrorhynchidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Teleosauridae" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Eusuchia">
- <CGENUS name="Hylaeochampsa" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Crocodylia" crown="1">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Crocodylus"/>' <LOW>(crocodile) taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Gavialoidea" in="Gavialis" out="Alligator, Crocodylus">
- <CGENUS name="Thoracosaurus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Eogavialis" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Gryposuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Gavialidae" crown="1" content="gavials (or gharials)"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Borealosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pristichampus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Brevirostres" in="Alligator, Crocodylus">
- <MEANING>
- short rostrums
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Alligatoroidea" in="Alligator" out="Crocodylus, Gavialis">
- <CGENUS name="Deinosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Leidyosuchus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Diplocynodon" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Alligatoridae" crown="1" content="alligators, caimans, nettosuchines, Purussaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Crocodyloidea" in="Crocodylus" out="Alligator, Gavialis">
- <UNNAMED comment="Dormaal"/>
- <CGENUS name="Prodiplocynodon" extinct="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Asiatosuchus germanicus" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name='"Crocodylus" affinis' extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Brachyuranochampsa" extinct="1"/>
- <CGENUS name='"Crocodylus" acer' extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Crocodylidae" crown="1" content="crocodiles"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Crocodylomorphs originated around the same time as the <LINK
-content="dinosaurs"/>. They were the only <LINK content="pseudosuchians"/>
-to survive the <LINK content="Triassic"/>, and survive to the present day
-in the form of crocodylians. Of all living animals, crocodylians are the
-closest relatives to dinosaurs (excluding <LINK content="modern birds"/>,
-which <B>are</B> dinosaurs). Unlike other living <LINK
-content="sauropsids"/> (except for birds), crocodylians have a
-four-chambered heart and a semi-upright stance. </P>
-
-<P> Some "primitive" crocodylomorphs may have been more active and agile
-than today's crocodylians, which have evolved a relatively sluggish
-lifestyle. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Deinonychosauria" nickname="Sickle-Clawed Killers">
- <WORD key="1" content="dromy, dromies, raptors, 'raptors, sickle, switchblade, claw"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="vicious carnivores"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria" in="Deinonychus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="deinonychosauria">
- <AUTHOR name="Colbert, Russell" year="1969"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Currie, Padian" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/> lizards
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="K" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="dromaeosaurine?">
- <PLACE name="Denmark"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="large">
- <PLACE name="Sudan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="medium-sized">
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Achillobator"/>
- <CGENUS name="Adasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Bambiraptor" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Koreanosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Megaraptor" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nuthetes" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Ornithodesmus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Pyroraptor"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Utahraptor"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Variraptor"/>
- <CLADE name="Dromaeosauridae" in="Dromaeosaurus, Velociraptor">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithodesmidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Dromaeosaurinae" in="Dromaeosaurus" out="Velociraptor">
- <CGENUS name="Dromaeosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Velociraptorinae" in="Velociraptor" out="Dromaeosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Deinonychus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Saurornitholestes"/>
- <CGENUS name="Velociraptor"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Coelurosauria"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="A Deadly Weapon"> <ILLO align="right" name="dromaeosaurid_pes"/> The most striking
-feature of the dromaeosaurids was the large second claw of the foot, which
-was highly mobile and could swing back and forth, thus giving it the
-nickname "switchblade claw" or "sickle claw". Similar claws were present
-on the feet of other primitive <LINK content="paravians"/>, as well as
-<LINK content="troodontids"/> (which may be paravians) and, to a lesser
-extent, <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/>. Troodontids were once included in
-Deinonychosauria because of their "sickle claws", but they are usually now
-recognized as relatives of <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/> (a.k.a.
-"ostrich mimics"). </P>
-
-<P> The attack strategy of a dromaeosaurid was possibly to leap at its
-prey, feet and arms extended. This posture would be balanced by the long,
-stiff tail. The dromaeosaurid would grab onto its prey with cruel,
-grasping hands, then tear out the unfortunate creature's throat or guts
-with the eviscerating foot-claws. </P>
-
-<P> The energy and quickness needed to carry out such a maneuver is one
-piece of evidence used in the debate over whether <LINK
-content="dinosaurs"/> were cold-blooded or warm-blooded. </P>
-
-<P header="Speculation on Behavior"> These dinosaurs may have hunted in packs, as shown by one find where
-three <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/> skeletons were found near a skeleton of
-the herbivore <NOMEN name="Tenontosaurus"/>. But another dromaeosaurid
-find shows a solitary <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/> locked in combat with a
-<NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>. It may be that these creatures used
-whatever hunting strategy fitted the situation, as wolves (<NOMEN
-name="Canis lupus" nolink="1"/>) do today, or that behavior varied between
-species, as in gregarious lions (<NOMEN name="Panthera leo" nolink="1"/>)
-and solitary tigers (<NOMEN name="Panthera tigris" nolink="1"/>). </P>
-
-<P header="Feathered Friends"> Dromaeosaurids were probably very close to
-<LINK content="bird"/> ancestry, as shown by their bird-like hip arrangement
-(unusual for non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="saurischians"/>),
-extremely stiffened tails, and their similarity to the feathered, flying
-<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>. In fact, the most recently published
-deinonychosaur, <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>, shows impressions
-of feathers or feather-like integument (not too much of a surprise,
-since feathered dinosaurs less closely related to birds had already been
-found). They may have even been secondarily flightless,
-like modern-day <LINK content="ratite"/> birds.</P>
-
-<P header="Movie Stars"> "'Raptors" were one of the major stars of the blockbuster movie
-<U>Jurassic Park</U>. Although this movie and its sequel, <U>Jurassic Park
-2: The Lost World</U> boasts the most accurate dinosaurs in the history of
-movies, there are a significant number of errors, especially with the
-"'raptors". The most obvious problem is that they were much too big. Real
-<NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/> were about the size of jackals. Even <NOMEN
-name="Velociraptor"/>'s big brother <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/> wasn't as
-big as <U>Jurassic Park</U>'s "'raptors". </P>
-
-<P> The reason for this is probably as follows. Michael Crichton wanted to
-use a fierce, approximately man-sized predator. <NOMEN
-name="Deinonychus"/> was ideal. But he also wanted the name <NOMEN
-name="Velociraptor"/> for plot reasons. Luckily for him, there was one
-dinosaur researcher who believed the two dinosaurs were similar enough to
-be in the same genus, which by virtue of seniority would be called <NOMEN
-name="Velociraptor"/>. So, Crichton used <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/> but
-called it <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/>. (Since then, new studies of the
-skulls have shown them to be separate genera.) </P>
-
-<P> For the movie they decided to bump the size up. They also gave it a
-more <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>-like head, unlike <NOMEN
-name="Velociraptor"/>'s, which has a rather concave snout. </P>
-
-<P> Interestingly, while the movie was being made, a new dromaeosaurid was
-found which was even larger than the movie's "'raptor". The discovery of
-this new dinosaur (<NOMEN name="Utahraptor"/>) showed that there actually
-must have been a <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>-like creature about the same
-size as the ones in Jurassic Park, an intermediate in size between
-<NOMEN name="Utahraptor"/> and <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>. In fact, some
-undescribed forms may fit the bill. </P>
-
-<P> So the "'raptor" in <U>Jurassic Park</U> is probably a decent
-approximation of a real, undescribed dromaeosaurid (not a <NOMEN
-name="Velociraptor"/>, though), except for some further inaccuracies, like
-the flexible tail, the incorrect hands, and the lack of feathers. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Dinosauria" nickname='"Fearfully Great Reptiles"'>
- <WORD key="1" content="terrible, fearfully, great, lizards, reptiles, hip, pelvis"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="saurischian dinosaurs"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Dinosauria" in="Neornithes, Triceratops" silhouette="dinosauria">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian, May" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- fearfully great lizards
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithoscelida"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Pachypoda"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Pachypodes"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mississippi"/>
- <REMAINS content="sacrum"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="Baluchistani">
- <PLACE name="Pakistan"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 100 bones"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="4.5m-long Liaoning">
- <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Luanpingosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Teyuwasu"/>
- <CLINK name="Ornithischia"/>
- <CLADE name="Saurischia" in="Neornithes" out="Triceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- lizard<LOW>-like</LOW> ischia
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Eshanosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Sauropodomorpha"/>
- <CLINK name="Theropoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Eoraptor"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Herrerasauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Dinosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Dinosauria">
- <CLADE name="Ornithischia"/>
- <CLADE name="Saurischia">
- <CGENUS name="Eoraptor"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Herrerasauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Eusaurischia" status="informal">
- <MEANING>
- true saurischians
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha"/>
- <CLADE name="Theropoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Dinosauria">
- <CLADE name="Theropoda"/>
- <CLADE name="Phytodinosauria">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithischia"/>
- <MEANING>
- plant<LOW>-eating</LOW> dinosaurs
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha" comment="altered definition"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithischia" comment="altered definition"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="The Divisions"> There are three major types of dinosaur. <LINK content="Theropoda"/>
-includes all of the carnivorous dinosaurs, as well as their modern-day
-descendants, the <LINK content="birds"/>. <LINK
-content="Sauropodomorpha"/> consists of long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs,
-including <LINK content="sauropods"/>, the largest land
-animals of all time. The third group, <LINK content="Ornithischia"/>,
-contains many diverse forms of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. </P>
-
-<P header="Evolution and Relationships"> Although the major groups of
-dinosaurs are clearly recognized, there
-is some debate about their relationships to each other and to the
-ancestors of dinosaurs. About the only thing that can be confidently
-stated about early dinosaurian/<LINK content="ornithodiran"/> evolution is
-that the following evolutionary lineage occured:
-<DIAGRAM>
-ancestral ornithodiran
- |
- +--><NOMEN name="Lagerpeton"/>
- |
- +--><NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/>
- |
- +--><NOMEN name="Pseudolagosuchus"/>
- |
- +--><NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/>
- |
- +--><NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/>
- |
- \/
- <LINK content="Neotheropoda"/>
-</DIAGRAM> </P>
-
-<P> <LINK content="Pterosaurs"/> are thought to have split off from this
-lineage probably before <NOMEN name="Lagerpeton"/> (some don't think
-pterosaurs are particularly closely related to dinosaurs at all).
-Ornithischians probably split off somewhere before <NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/>,
-but perhaps between <NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/> and
-Neotheropoda. Sauropodomorphs could have split off anywhere before
-Neotheropoda, but after Ornithischia, or possibly with it. </P>
-
-<P header="Definition"> The confusion about dinosaur ancestry leads to the question "What is a
-dinosaur?" The original definition of Dinosauria, as stated by Sir Richard
-Owen in 1842, was a group of large <LINK content="reptiles"/> (which he
-considered a type of <LINK content="lizard"/>) consisting of <NOMEN
-name="Megalosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>, and <NOMEN
-name="Hylaeosaurus"/>, the only non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> dinosaur
-genera described at that time (save for <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Streptospondylus"/>, which Owen thought to be aquatic, <LINK
-content="crocodile"/>-like creatures, and some mainland European forms
-like <NOMEN name="Plateosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Poekilopleuron"/>,
-which Owen had not examined). </P>
-
-<P> Dinosauria was traditionally divided into the orders Ornithischia
-("bird hips" -- a misleading term) and Saurischia ("lizard hips"). For
-much of the history of paleontology, the status of Dinosauria as a real
-group has been considered dubious -- Ornithischia and Saurischia were
-separated from each other and sometimes were themselves split up. More
-recently, however, cladistic analysis has reaffirmed Dinosauria as a
-natural group. It is defined as the most recent common ancestor of <LINK
-content="modern birds"/> (which are now considered saurischians) and
-<NOMEN name="Triceratops"/> (an ornithischian), plus all of that
-ancestor's descendants. (As some have noted, it might have been more
-proper to use <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
-as anchors instead of birds and <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>, but this
-phylogenetic definition has priority, and, by all cladistic studies,
-represents the same group anyway. Besides, the type specimens of <NOMEN
-name="Iguanodon"/> and <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> are rather poor.) </P>
-
-<P> This definition has lead to some disagreement as to whether certain
-primitive ornithodirans are dinosaurs or not. Some include all of the
-genera shown in the above lineage in Dinosauria, whereas others don't even
-consider <LINK content="herrerasaurids"/> to be true dinosaurs. On these
-pages <NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/> is considered the most primitive known true
-dinosaur, and probably a primitive theropod, due to such characteristics
-as highly reduced manual digits IV and V (neotheropods have no digit V and
-either no digit IV or a reduced one). </P>
-
-<P header="An Alternate View"> <ILLO name="saurischian_pelvis" caption="saurischian pelvis" align="left"/>
-<ILLO name="ornithischian_pelvis" caption="ornithischian pelvis" align="right"/>
-The uncertainty revolving about the origins of the major dinosaur groups
-has also caused another debate. Traditionally, Sauropodomorpha has been
-grouped with Theropoda in Saurischia, sister group to the Ornithischia.
-This is due to the fact that both saurischian groups have a primitive
-lizard-like hip bone arrangement, with the pubis pointing forward (except
-for some advanced groups), while ornithischians have a derived,
-superficially bird-like arrangement where a process on the pubis points
-backwards. (In birds and some bird-like theropods, the pubis itself
-points backwards.) </P>
-
-<P> But a minority claim that early sauropodomorphs show more similarities
-to early ornithischians than to theropods. They classify Sauropodomorpha
-and Ornithischia in Phytodinosauria ("plant dinosaurs") as a sister taxon
-to Theropoda. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Diplodocidae" nickname="Whip-Tails & Earth-Shakers">
- <WORD key="1" content="giant, huge, long, longest, biggest, whip, tail, whiptail, quake, seism"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Diplodocidae" silhouette="diplodocidae">
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Dinheirosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dyslocosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dystrophaeus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Apatosaurinae" silhouette="apatosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Apatosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Eobrontosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Diplodocinae">
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <PLACE name="Georgian Republic"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Barosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Diplodocus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Dystylosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Seismosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Supersaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Diplodocids included some of the hugest creatures to walk upon the
-Earth. <NOMEN name="Supersaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Seismosaurus"/>
-probably weighed in at 45-60 metric tonnes. </P>
-
-<P header="Digital Dinos"> These animals have been the focus of several computer-assisted studies
-in biophysics. One study suggests that diplodocids could actually crack
-their tails like whips, causing loud sonic booms. Another study, focusing
-on the other end of the animals, suggests that they could not hold their
-heads very high, and thus may have fed on low-growing vegetation. This
-goes against previous thought that <LINK content="sauropods"/> evolved their
-long necks to reach into the trees. </P>
-
-<P header="Integument"> Recently a diplodocid was found with non-bony dermal spines along its
-back. Since non-bony structures are rarely preserved, it is not certain
-how widely throughout <LINK content="Sauropodomorpha"/> this feature
-existed. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Diplodocimorpha" nickname="Sailback Sauropods & Kin">
- <WORD key="1" content="sail, sailback, finback"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Diplodocimorpha" in="Diplodocus" out="Saltasaurus" silhouette="diplodocimorpha">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/> forms
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Hisanohamasaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Megacervixosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Mongolosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Amphicoelias"/>
- <CGENUS name="Losillasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Rebbachisauridae" silhouette="rebbachisauridae">
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="S. America"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Histriasaurus" q="1" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nigersaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Rayososaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Rebbachisaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Limaysaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Rebbachisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Diplodocoidea" in="Diplodocus, Dicraeosaurus">
- <UNNAMED><PLACE name="Niger"/><TIME value="Cenomanian"/><REMAINS content="cervical & dorsal vertebrae"/></UNNAMED>
- <CLADE name="Dicraeosauridae">
- <UNNAMED cf="Dicraeosaurus" q="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Amargasaurus" silhouette="amargasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dicraeosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Diplodocidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Diplodocimorpha">
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Diplodocoidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Rebbachisauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Antarctosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Nemegtosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Nemegtosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Quaesitosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Members of this group had long, whip-like tails
-(possibly used for defense), peg-like teeth, and high vertebral spines.
-The extremely long spines of some diplodocimorphs, such as
-<NOMEN name="Amargasaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>,
-may have formed large dorsal sails, like those of the
-<LINK content="theropod"/> <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> and the
-<LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Some of these animals, like the dicraeosaurids, made it into the
-Cretaceous, but not to the end of the Mesozoic Era. </P>
-
-<P header="The Elusive Giant"> There is a possible diplodocimorph named <NOMEN name="Amphicoelias fragillimus"/>, known
-from a drawing of a crumbling neural arch. Based on comparison to
-other diplodocimorphs, it would have been about 50m long and weighed about
-120-150 tonnes, making it by far the largest land creature of all time!
-Unfortunately, the actual specimen has been lost, presumably disintegrated,
-for a long time (if it ever, indeed, existed). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Enantiornithes" nickname='"Opposite Birds"'>
- <WORD key="1" content="bird, toothed, toothless, teeth, opposite, avian"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Enantiornithes" in="Enantiornis" out="Neornithes" silhouette="pygostylia">
- <MEANING>
- opposite birds
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED comment="juvenile">
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="furcula"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="coracoid"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="synsacrum"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="medium-large Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="synsacrum"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Maevarano">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Alexornis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Boluochia" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Eoalulavis"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Gurilynia"/>
- <CGENUS name="Horezmavis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kizylkumavis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lenesornis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Liaoxiornis" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Longchengornis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sazavis" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Enantiornithiformes" incertae="1">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Enantiornis"/> forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Enantiornis"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Eoenantiornithiformes" incertae="1">
- <MEANING><NOMEN name="Eoenantiornis"/> forms</MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Eoenantiornis"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cuspirostrisornithidae" incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Cuspirostrisornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Largirostrisornis" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Gobipterygidae" incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Gobipteryx"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nanantius" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Sinornithiformes" incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Cathayornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sinornis"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Iberomesornis" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Lectavis"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Yungavolucris"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Concornis" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Avisauridae" in="Neuquenornis, Avisaurus">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
- <CGENUS name="Neuquenornis"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Avisaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Soroavisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Characteristics"> Enantiornitheans were a large group of <LINK content="birds"/> which
-evolved alongside modern-style birds, or <LINK content="neornitheans"/>,
-during the <LINK content="Cretaceous Period"/>. Their name ("opposite birds")
-refers
-to the articulation of the scapula with the coracoid, opposite to that of
-modern birds. Like neornitheans, advanced enantiornitheans were toothless.
-These two lineages, along with <LINK content="confuciusornithids"/>,
-<LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>, and <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>,
-represent the five known lineages of toothless
-<LINK content="coelurosaur"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Rise and Fall"> Enantiornitheans achieved a fair degree of
-diversity, beginning as
-small, perching fliers, with some developing into shorebirds. They
-ranged from sparrow- to vulture-size. </P>
-
-<P> Although apparently more plentiful than their neornithean cousins
-during the Cretaceous, enantiornitheans, like all non-neornithean
-dinosaurs, became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. Why neornitheans
-survived while they did not remains a mystery. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Hadrosaurinae" nickname="Small- & Non-Crested Duckbills" silhouette="edmontosaurini">
- <WORD key="1" content="hadrosaur, ducknill, duck, bill, non, crest, crested"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="gryposaurin hadrosaurine"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Hadrosaurinae" in="Hadrosaurus" out="Lambeosaurus" silhouette="hadrosaurinae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Saurolophinae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Microhadrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Thespesius" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Maiasaurini" silhouette="maiasaurini">
- <CGENUS name="Brachylophosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Maiasaura"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Hadrosaurini">
- <CSYNONYM name="Gryposaurini"/>
- <CGENUS name="Hadrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Aralosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gryposaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kritosaurus" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Edmontosaurini" silhouette="edmontosaurini">
- <CGENUS name="Anatotitan"/>
- <CGENUS name="Edmontosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shantungosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tanius" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Saurolophini">
- <CGENUS name="Prosaurolophus" silhouette="prosaurolophus-saurolophus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Saurolophus" silhouette="prosaurolophus-saurolophus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> These "duck-billed" <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> were mostly non-crested,
-although some, like <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> and <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>,
-had small, spiky crests. Hadrosaurines include the largest
-<LINK content="ornithopods"/> of all time, such as the enormous
-<NOMEN name="Shantungosaurus"/>, which was on par with small- to medium-sized
-<LINK content="sauropods"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Before the discovery of <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>, dinosaurs were
-generally thought to be
-all quadrupedal. <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>' long hindlimbs and relatively
-short forelimbs indicated otherwise. It was originally reconstructed
-standing upright, like a human. Now it is thought that all hadrosaurs,
-indeed, all <LINK content="iguanodontians"/> were facultatively
-quadrupedal, able to move on all fours or on two legs, with the back
-horizontal in all positions. </P>
-
-<P> The old genus <NOMEN name="Anatosaurus"/> has recently been sunk into
-<NOMEN name="Edmontosaurus"/>, except for one separate species, for which
-the generic name <NOMEN name="Anatotitan"/> was coined. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Hadrosauroidea" nickname="Duck-Billed Dinosaurs">
- <WORD key="1" content="duckbill, duck, bill, duckbilled, sail, finback, sailback, fin"/>
- <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="hadrosaur, hadrosaurs"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="duck-bill, duck-billed dinosaurs"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Hadrosauroidea" in="Hadrosaurus" out="Iguanodon" silhouette="hadrosauroidea">
- <UNNAMED comment="sail-backed" q="1" silhouette="ouranosaurus">
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Altirhinus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ouranosaurus" silhouette="ouranosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Nanyangosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Hadrosauridae">
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Belgium"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="late" value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Italy"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="femur, ischium"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="phalanx, caudal centrum"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mississippi"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <REMAINS content="dorsal vertebrae, scapula, manual elements"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="Chronister">
- <TIME value="LK"/><PLACE name="Missouri"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, phalanx, teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="Cerro del Pueblo">
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton with skin impressions from tail, limbs, and hip"/>
- <REMAINS content="unassociated skin impressions"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Hironosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Hypsibema"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Mandschurosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Orthomerus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Secernosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protohadros"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Claosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gilmoreosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Telmatosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Euhadrosauria" in="Hadrosaurus, Lambeosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Hadrosauridae" sensu="Sereno"/>
- <CLINK name="Lambeosaurinae"/>
- <CLINK name="Hadrosaurinae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Iguanodontia"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> These are commonly known as the "duck-billed" dinosaurs, since their
-beaks bore a superficial resemblance to those of ducks. They were the last,
-largest, and most numerous of the <LINK content="ornithopods"/>. </P>
-
-<P> More "primitive" hadrosauroids like <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>
-had small thumb-spikes,
-like the larger thumb-spikes of other <LINK content="iguanodontians"/>.
-This digit was lost entirely in hadrosaurids. <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>
-and an unnamed hadrosauroid possessed large sails on their backs, like those
-of <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Hadrosaurids are divided into two subfamilies, the generally non-crested
-hadrosaurines and the lambeosaurines, which developed large hollow crests
-on their heads. At least one scientist considers them to be two separate families,
-with <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> closer to the hadrosaurids and
-<NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> closer to the lambeosaurids. </P>
-
-<P header="In Water or On Land?"> It was once thought that the duck-bills, like their namesakes, were
-aquatic. This notion seemed to be supported when a fossilized "mummy" of a
-hadrosaurid was discovered, showing what appeared to be webbed fingers on
-the hands. The hollow crests of the lambeosaurines were supposed to be for
-air storage, since they connected to the nasal passages. </P>
-
-<P> This theory is largely out of favor now. The "webbed" fingers, upon
-closer scrutiny, more closely resemble desiccated hoof pads. The crests
-could not have functioned as air storage, since they were rigid and
-inflexible. Air sucked out of them would have created a vacuum. And the
-rugged teeth of the hadrosaurids strongly indicate that they ate rough, woody
-plant material, not soft seaweed. The teeth in the jaw were aligned in great
-"batteries", so that if one wore out there was another one behind it to
-replace it. Some hadrosaurid jaws contained as much as 2,000 teeth! </P>
-
-<P> It seems that duck-bills led a largely terrestrial life. They would walk
-primarily on all fours, as shown by the hoof-like nails and supporting pads
-on the hands, but were easily capable of switching to bipedal locomotion. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Hesperornithiformes" nickname="Toothed Marine Birds">
- <WORD key="1" content="bird, toothed, teeth, avian, aquatic, loon, marine, sea, seagoing, sea-going, oceanic, water, swimming, diving"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Hesperornithiformes" silhouette="hesperornithiformes">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/> forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Enaliornis"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pasquiaornis"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Baptornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Judinornis"/>
- <CLADE name="Hesperornithidae">
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Coniornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Asiahesperornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Parascaniornis"/>
- <CLADE name="Hesperornithinae">
- <CGENUS name="Hesperornis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Parahesperornis"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> These are the only known marine <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> of the
-<LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>! Hesperornithiforms had adapted to life in
-the oceans of Laurasia, and are best known from the
-North American interior, which was covered by a large sea during much of the
-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Unlike the major modern-day group of marine birds (penguins),
-which have flipper-like wings, hesperornithiforms propelled
-themselves with large, (presumably) webbed feet, like loons
-and grebes. Their wings had atrophied to tiny, useless things, and their
-feet were set so far back that walking must have been extremely awkward.
-Thus, they probably spent very nearly all of their time in the water. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Heterodontosauridae" nickname="Little Tuskers">
- <WORD key="1" content="heterodontosaur, fang, caniniform, tusk, tusker, tooth, teeth"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="lithe tuskers"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Heterodontosauridae" silhouette="cerapoda">
- <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1966"/>
- <UNNAMED comment="small">
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Dianchungosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Geranosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lanasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Heterodontosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Abrictosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Heterodontosaurini">
- <CGENUS name="Heterodontosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lycorhinus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Heterodontosaurids were a group of small, primitive
-<LINK content="ornithischians"/>
-from the <LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>. They
-were all fairly similar to each other. Some species, such as
-<NOMEN name="Heterodontosaurus tucki"/>, bore small tusks while others, like
-<NOMEN name="Abrictosaurus consors"/>, were tuskless. It has been suggested
-that perhaps only one gender bore tusks, and what are currently considered
-separate
-species may only be separate genders of the same species. </P>
-
-<P> Heterodontosaurids were traditionally considered primitive
-<LINK content="ornithopods"/>, although they bear a number of similarities to
-<LINK content="marginocephalians"/> as well. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ichthyopterygia" nickname="Reptilian Dolphins" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="fish, lizard, fish-lizard, marine, reptile, aquatic, sea, oceanic"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Stenopterygius"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ichthyopterygia" in="Ichthyosaurus" out="Plesiosaurus, Lepidosauria, Archosauria" silhouette="ichthyopterygia">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1840"/>
- <MEANING>fish flippers</MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Hupehsuchidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE in="Ichthyosaurus, Parvinatator, Utatsusaurus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ichthyopterygia" sensu="Motani" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Isfjordosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Thaisaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Parvinatator"/>
- <CGENUS name="Utatsusaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Eoichthyosauria" in="Grippia, Ichthyosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>dawn ichthyosaurs</MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Grippidia">
- <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chaohusaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Grippia"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ichthyosauria" in="Ichthyosaurus" out="Grippia">
- <MEANING>fish lizards/<NOMEN name="Ichthyosaurus" nolink="1">' <LOW>taxon</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Blainville" year="1835"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Motani" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Mikadocephalus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name='"Shastasaurus" neubigi' incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Wimanius" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Cymbospondylus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Mixosauridae">
- <AUTHOR name="Baur" year="1887"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Merriamosauria" in="Shastasaurus, Ichthyosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
- <CLADE name="Shastasauria" in="Shastasaurus" out="Ichthyosaurus">
- <MEANING><NOMEN name="Shastasaurus" nolink="1">' <LOW>taxon</LOW></MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Pessopteryx" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Shastasauridae" in="Besanosaurus, Shastasaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Merriam" year="1908"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Motani" year="1999"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Euichthyosauria" in="Ichthyosaurus" out="Shastasaurus">
- <MEANING>true ichthyosaurs</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Toretocnemus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Californosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Parvipelvia" in="Macgowania, Ichthyosaurus">
- <MEANING>small pelves <LOW>(hips)</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Macgowania"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Hudsonelpidia"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Suevoleviathan"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Temnodontosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Eurhinosauria">
- <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Leptonectes"/>
- <CGENUS name="Excalibosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Eurhinosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Thunnosauria" in="Stenopterygius, Ichthyosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chacaicosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Stenopterygius"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Ichthyosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Opthalmosauridae">
- <AUTHOR name="Appleby" year="1956"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Despite their name, ichthyosaurs were neither <LINK content="fish"/> nor
-<LINK content="lizards"/>, but
-a <LINK content="sauropsid"/> group of uncertain origin that evolved into
-completely marine forms. Like sharks, they had dorsal fins and a tail
-fin that swept side-to-side. </P>
-
-<P> Ichthyosaurs arose during the <LINK content="Triassic"/>, but did not
-make it to the end of the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>. They were gone
-before the K/T Extinction, which killed off other large marine
-<LINK content="reptiles"/> and the non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>.
-</P>
-
-<P> Unlike all other advanced <LINK content="tetrapods"/>, ichthyosaurs
-had more than five digits. It was once thought that they might be related
-to very early tetrapods like <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Ichthyostega"/>, which had
-as many as eight digits, but it seems more likely that they developed the
-extra digits from an ancestor with five digits, although this is the only
-known case of this happening in all of Tetrapoda. (Usually digits are
-lost.) </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Iguanodontia" nickname="Spike-Thumbs - The Road to Duck-Bills" silhouette="iguanodontia-robust">
- <WORD key="1" content="iguanodont, spike, thumb, first"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Iguanodontia" in="Iguanodon" out="Hypsilophodon" silhouette="ornithopoda">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Zealand"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <REMAINS content="ribs, etc."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small">
- <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Jinzhousaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Lophorhothon"/>
- <CGENUS name="Mandschurosaurus laosensis" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Muttaburrasaurus" q="1" silhouette="iguanodontia-robust"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Tenontosaurus"/>
- <CLADE silhouette="iguanodontia-robust">
- <CGENUS name="Rhabdodon"/>
- <UNNAMED><PLACE name="Romania"/><TIME value="Maastrichtian"/></UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED><PLACE name="Romania"/><TIME value="Maastrichtian"/></UNNAMED>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Euiguanodontia" in="Iguanodon, Gasparinisaura">
- <MEANING>
- true iguanodonts
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Loncosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gasparinisaura"/>
- <CLADE name="Dryomorpha" in="Dryosaurus, Iguanodon">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Dryosaurus"/> forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Anabisetia" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Dryosauridae">
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="tiny" indet="1">
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Dryosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kangnasaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Valdosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ankylopollexia" in="Parasaurolophus, Camptosaurus" silhouette="iguanodontia-robust">
- <UNNAMED comment="small">
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bihariosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Pararhabdodon"/>
- <CLADE name="Camptosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Camptosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Draconyx"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Styracosterna" in="Parasaurolophus" out="Camptosaurus">
- <MEANING>
- spiked sterna
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Fukuisaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lurdusaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Planicoxa" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Eolambia" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Probactrosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Iguanodontoidea" in="Iguanodon, Hadrosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Hadrosauriformes"/>
- <CGENUS name="Camptosaurus sp." incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Craspedodon" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Iguanodon"/>
- <CLINK name="Hadrosauroidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Dryomorpha">
- <CLADE name="Iguanodontoidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Camptosauridae">
- <CLADE name="Dryosaurinae"/>
- <CLADE name="Camptosaurinae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Iguanodontoidea">
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Iguanodon"/>
- <CLADE name="Hadrosauridae">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Horner"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Ouranosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Lambeosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The major characteristic of these medium- to large-sized herbivores is
-a spiky thumb, possibly used for defense against predators. When
-<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>, the first non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
-<LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be scientifically described, was first put
-together, its thumb-spike was
-incorrectly placed on the nose, giving it the look of a reptilian
-rhinoceros! </P>
-
-<P header="Evolution"> The animals listed here cover the transition from early,
-<LINK content="hypsilophodont"/>-like iguanodontians to the medium-sized
-<NOMEN name="Camptosaurus"/> to the archetypal <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> to the
-<LINK content="duck-billed dinosaurs"/>, the end result of
-<LINK content="ornithopod"/> evolution. The evolution of the iguanodontian
-thumb can be seen along this line as well: small in
-<NOMEN name="Camptosaurus"/>, at its maximum
-in <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>, then tiny or absent in
-<LINK content="hadrosauroids"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Lambeosaurinae" nickname="Crested Duck-Bills" silhouette="lambeosaurus">
- <WORD key="1" content="duckbill, duck, bill, duck-bill, crest, crested, trumpet, sound, noise, vocalization, helmet, hatchet"/>
- <WORD essay="1" key="1" content="lambeosaur"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="helmeted duck-bills"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
-<CLADE name="Lambeosaurinae" in="Lambeosaurus" out="Hadrosaurus" silhouette="hadrosauroidea">
- <CSYNONYM name="Hypacrosaurinae"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Arstanosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gadolosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pteropelyx" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Bactrosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Parasaurolophini">
- <CGENUS name="Tsintaosaurus" q="1" silhouette="tsintaosaurus"/>
- <CLADE silhouette="parasaurolophus">
- <CGENUS name="Charonosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Parasaurolophus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Lambeosaurini">
- <CSYNONYM name="Hypacrosaurini"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nipponosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Amurosaurus" q="1" silhouette="corythosaurus-hypacrosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Jaxartosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Lambeosaurus" silhouette="lambeosaurus"/>
- <CLADE silhouette="corythosaurus-hypacrosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Barsboldia"/>
- <CGENUS name="Corythosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Hypacrosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
-</CLADE>
-</CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Crests"> These "duck-billed" <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> bore large, hollow
-crests on their heads. The crests of <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Hypacrosaurus"/> were semicircular.
-<NOMEN name="Lambeosaurus"/> crests were similar, but with a spike jutting
-out at the back of the crest. <NOMEN name="Parasaurolophus"/> had a very
-long crest pointing backwards from the head.
-<NOMEN name="Tsintaosaurus"/> was the "duck-billed unicorn", with a narrow
-spike pointing forward from above its eyes. </P>
-
-<P> The lambeosaurine crests may have been used as sexual displays. For many
-lambeosaurine genera, there are two forms known, one with a smaller
-crest, one with a larger crest. These were originally classified as different
-species, although in some cases they may just be different genders. </P>
-
-<P> In addition to visual display, the tubular crests, which connected to the
-nasal passages, may also have been used as giant trumpets, allowing the
-lambeosaurines to let out great, deep, resonant bellows across the
-prehistoric landscape. Another idea is that the crests enhanced their sense
-of smell, allowing them to detect giant predators. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Lepidosauromorpha" nickname="Lizards, Mosasaurs, Snakes, Tuataras, & Kin" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="snakes, tuataras, squamates"/>
- <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="lizards, mosasaurs"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="lizard, mosasaur, snake"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Mosasaurus, Rikisaurus, Tylosaurus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
-<CLADE name="Lepidosauromorpha" in="Lepidosauria" out="Archosauria" silhouette="lepidosauromorpha">
- <MEANING>
- Lepidosauria forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Acerodontosauridae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Younginiformes" q="1">
- <CSYNONYM name="Eosuchia"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Galesphyridae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tangasauridae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Younginidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paliguanidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Eolacertilia">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Fulengidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Kuehnosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Lepidosauria" crown="1">
- <MEANING>
- scaly lizards
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Rhynchocephalia" in="Sphenodon" out="Squamata">
- <MEANING>
- snouted heads
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Sphenodontida"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Gephyrosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Diphydodontosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Planocephalosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Pleurosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Sphenodontidae" content="tuataras"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Huehuecuetzpalli"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Scandensia"/>
- <CLADE name="Squamata" crown="1">
- <CLADE name="Iguania">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arretosauridae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Euposauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Iguanidae" content="iguanas, anoles, collared & horned lizards, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Agamidae" content="agamas"/>
- <CLADE name="Chameleontidae" content="chameleons"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Scleroglossa">
- <CLADE q="1">
- <CLADE name="Didamidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Amphisbaenia" content="worm lizards">
- <CLADE name="Amphisbaenidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Bipedidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Hyporhinidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Oligodontosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Rhineuridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Trogonophididae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Gekkota">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Ardeosauridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bavarisauridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Eublepharidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Gekkonoidea">
- <CLADE name="Gekkonidae" content="geckos"/>
- <CLADE name="Pygopodidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Autarchoglossa">
- <CLADE name="Scincomorpha">
- <CLADE name="Paramacellodidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Scinciformes" status="informal">
- <CLADE name="Scincoidea" status="informal">
- <CLADE name="Scincidae" content="skinks"/>
- <CLADE name="Feyliniidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cordyliformes">
- <CLADE name="Cordylidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Gerrhosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Lacertiformes">
- <CLADE name="Xantusiidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Lacertoidea">
- <CLADE name="Lacertidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Meyasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Teioidea">
- <CLADE name="Gymnophthalmidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Teiidae" content="whiptails"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Anguimorpha">
- <CSYNONYM name="Diploglossa"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paravaranidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bainguidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Anguidae" content="glass & alligator lizards"/>
- <CLADE name="Anniellidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dorsetisauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Xenosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Platynota">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Necrosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Thecoglossa">
- <CLADE name="Varanoidea">
- <CLADE name="Helodermatidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Lanthanotidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Varanidae" content="monitor lizards"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pythonomorpha">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mosasauroidea">
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Opetiosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Aigalosauridae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dolichosauridae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mosasauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ophidia" content="snakes">
- <CSYNONYM name="Serpentes"/>
- <CLADE name="Scolecophidia" q="1">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Anomalepedidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Leptotyphlopidae" content="slender blind snakes"/>
- <CLADE name="Typhlopidae" content="blind snakes"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Lapparentophidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Simoliophidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Booidea">
- <CLADE name="Boidae" content="constrictors"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dinilysiidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Palaeophidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Pythonidae" content="pythons"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Alethinophidia">
- <CLADE name="Anilioidea">
- <CLADE name="Aniliidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Loxocemidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Uropeltidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Xenopeltidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Ophiomorphus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Pachyrhachis" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Macrostomata">
- <CLADE name="Bolyeriidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Tropidophiidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Acrochordoidea">
- <CLADE name="Acrochordidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Nigerophidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Colubroidea">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Anomalophidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Colubridae" content="water, hognose, green, rat & earth snakes, etc."/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Russelophidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Proteroglypha">
- <CLADE name="Elapidae" content="cobras, coral snakes"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Opisthoglypha">
- <CLADE name="Viperidae" content="vipers"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
-</CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Lepidosauromorphs include all <LINK content="reptiles"/> with
-overlapping scales. Two types of lepidosauromorph remain alive today:
-<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sphenodon"/> (tuatara) and the squamates
-(lizards and their descendants, snakes). </P>
-
-<P> During the late <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>, there were huge, marine
-squamates known as mosasaurs. They went extinct at the end of the
-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>, along with all non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Macronaria" nickname="Nasal-Crested Sauropods" silhouette="brachiosauridae">
- <WORD key="1" content="camarasaurs, brachiosaurs, big, huge, large, tallest, crested, biggest"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="brachiosaur, brachiosaurs, camarasaur, Cetiosauridae"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Macronaria" in="Saltasaurus" out="Diplodocus" silhouette="macronaria">
- <MEANING>
- large nares
- </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Wilson, Sereno"/>
- <UNNAMED incertae="1" q="1">
- <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="specimens"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Abrosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bashunosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chondrosteosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sugiyamasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Camarasauromorpha" in="Camarasaurus, Saltasaurus">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/> forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Camarasauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Aragosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Camarasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lourinhasaurus" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Titanosauriformes" in="Titanosaurus, Brachiosaurus">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus"/> forms
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="femur"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="QM" id="F6142" content="partial cervical vertebra"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Pleurocoelus">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="Ruby Ranch">
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/> <TIME value="EK"/>
- <REMAINS content="bones from at least 4 individuals"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Astrodon" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Atlasaurus" silhouette="brachiosauridae"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Austrosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bellusaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bothriospondylus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Damalasaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Eucamerotus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Ischyrosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Ornithopsis"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Pelorosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Venenosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pleurocoelus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sonorasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Brachiosauridae" silhouette="brachiosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Brachiosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Cedarosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Giraffatitan"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sauroposeidon"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Titanosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Macronaria">
- <CGENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Camarasauromorpha">
- <CGENUS name="Camarasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Titanosauriformes">
- <CLADE name="Brachiosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Somphospondyli" in="Saltasaurus, Euhelopus">
- <CGENUS name="Euhelopus"/>
- <CLADE name="Titanosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Andesaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Titanosauroidea" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999">
- <CGENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/>
- <CLADE name="Titanosauria" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The name Macronaria ("large nostrils") refers to the enlarged nasal
-openings of this group. Like all <LINK content="sauropods"/>, their nostrils
-were situated atop their head, nearly above the eyes. Macronarians
-had crests of varying sizes formed by high nasal bones. In some
-specimens, these bones were not completely preserved, leaving the skull
-looking rather low, like those of <LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/>. For this
-reason, many were once classified with them. </P>
-
-<P header='"Camarasaurs"'> Basal (non-titanosauriform) macronarians, or
-"camarasaurs", were fairly typical sauropods of small to average size.
-They had boxy skulls and spatulate teeth. Embryonic "camarasaur" material
-indicates that some laid eggs with diameters of 24 cm. </P>
-
-<P header='"Brachiosaurs"'> Most of the animals listed above as
-non-titanosaurian titanosauriforms have been included at some time in the
-family Brachiosauridae, but their exact relations to one another are
-poorly understood at this time. Among these animals are some of the
-largest land animals of all time, such as <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Giraffatitan"/>, and the new <NOMEN name="Sauroposeidon"/>.
-Some had very high nasal crests and forelimbs longer than hindlimbs. </P>
-
-<P> It was once thought that the large crest of "brachiosaurs" was a
-snorkeling device. Since then it has been shown that if a
-<NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/> were to be submerged at such a depth as to
-need a raised blowhole on its head, the pressure on its chest would be so
-great that its lungs would collapse. Instead, it is likely that
-"brachiosaurs", and probably all sauropods, were terrestrial. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Mammalia" nickname="Furry Milksuckers" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="mammals, multis"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="bat, bats, human, mammal, glyptodont, mammalian bats, sirenians, walruses"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Antidorcas, Bison, Giraffa, Homo, Ia, Rhinoceros, Theosodon, Zalambdalestes"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Mammalia" sensu="stricto" crown="1" silhouette="mammalia">
- <CLADE name="Prototheria" in="Monotremata" out="Theria">
- <MEANING>
- before beasts
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Monotremata" crown="1" content="duck-bill platypuses, echidnas (or spiny anteaters)">
- <MEANING>
- single holes
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Allotheria" q="1">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Haramiyidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Multituberculata" content='"multis"'/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Theriiformes" in="Theria" out="Monotremata">
- <MEANING>
- Theria forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Triconodonta">
- <CLADE name="Holotheria">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Chronoperatidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Kuehnotheria">
- <CLADE name="Trechnotheria">
- <CSYNONYM name="Yangotheria"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Spalacotherioidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Symmetrodonta">
- <MEANING>
- symmetrical teeth
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Yinotheria"/>
- <CLADE name="Cladotheria">
- <MEANING>
- branch beasts
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dryolestoidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Amphitheriida">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Amphitheriidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Zatheria">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arguimuridae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arguitheriidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Vincelestidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paramura"/>
- <CLADE name="Tribosphenida">
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Hypomylos"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Necrolestidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Aegialodontia"/>
- <CLADE name="Theria" sensu="stricto">
- <MEANING>
- beasts
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Aethomylos" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Anizorhinus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Dakotadens" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Falepterus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Kasserinotherium" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Paleomolops" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Plicatodon" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Potamotelses" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Russellmys" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tetraprothomo" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tribotherium" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Zygiocuspis" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Endotheriidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Kermackiidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Picopsidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Poppotheriidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Metatheria" content="pouched mammals" in="Marsupialia" out="Placentalia">
- <MEANING>
- middle beasts
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Holoclemensia"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Deltatheridioidea"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Monodelphis" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Boreometatheria" q="1" content="Asian & North American pouched mammals">
- <MEANING>
- boreal beasts
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Notometatheria" content="Australasian & South American pouched mammals">
- <MEANING>
- southern beasts
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Protodidelphidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Borhyaenoidea" content="Borhyaena, Thylacosmilus, etc.">
- <CSYNONYM name="Sparassodonta"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bonabartheriidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Necrolestidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paradectidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Simpsonitheria" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Mayulestes"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Pucadelphys"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Andinodelphys"/>
- <CLADE name="Marsupialia" crown="1">
- <MEANING>
- pouches
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Didelphimorpha" content="American opossums"/>
- <CLADE name="Paucituberculata" q="1" content="rat opossums"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Microbiotheriidae" content="monitos del monte"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Yingabalanaridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Australidelphia" content="Australasian marsupials">
- <MEANING>
- Australian possums
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Eometatheria" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Dasyuromorpha" content="marsupial mice & rats, quolls, Tasmanian wolves & devils, numbats"/>
- <CLADE name="Notoryctidae" q="1" content="marsupial moles"/>
- <CLADE name="Tarsipedidae" q="1" content="honey possums"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Yalkaperidontidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Syndactyla">
- <MEANING>
- fused fingers
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Peramelomorpha" content="bandicoots"/>
- <CLADE name="Diprotodonta">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Diprotodon"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <MEANING>
- two front teeth
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Palorchestidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Thylacoleonidae" q="1" content="marsupial lions"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Wynyardiidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Vombatiformes" comment="wombats, koalas"/>
- <CLADE name="Phalangeriformes" comment="phalangers, kangaroos, etc."/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Eutheria" in="Placentalia" out="Marsupialia">
- <MEANING>
- true beasts
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Prokennalestes"/>
- <CLADE name="Placentalia" status="informal" crown="1" content="placental mammals">
- <MEANING>
- placenta
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Aspanlestes" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Bulaklestes" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Beleutinus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Daulestes" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Eodesmatodon" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Eutrochodon" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Helioseus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Idiogenomys" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Kumsuperus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Neodesmostylus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Obtususdon" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Sorlestes" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Telacodon" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tingamarra" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Veratalpa" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Wanotherium" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bibimalagasia" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Edentata" in="Xenarthra" out="Carnivora, Ungulata, Anagalida, Archonta, Insectivora">
- <MEANING>
- without teeth
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Pholidota" q="1" content="pangolins or scaly anteaters"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Palaeanodonta" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Xenarthra" crown="1" content="sloths, anteaters, armadillos"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Epitheria" in="Carnivora, Ungulata, Anagalida, Archonta, Insectivora" out="Xenarthra">
- <MEANING>
- after beasts
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Apatotheria" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Asioryctitheria"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Cimolestidae" incerate="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Leptictida" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Palaeoryctidae" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Pantodonta"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Pantolesta"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Taeniodonta" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tillodonta" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Zalambdalestidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Insectivora" crown="1" content="shrews, moles, tenrecs, golden moles, hedgehogs, etc.">
- <MEANING>
- insect-eaters
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Lipotyphla"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ferae">
- <MEANING>
- fierce <LOW>ones</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Creodonta"/>
- <CLADE name="Carnivoramorpha" in="Carnivora" out="Creodonta">
- <MEANING>
- Carnivora forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Didymictidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Carnivora" crown="1" content="dogs, bears, weasels, seals, cats, hyenas, mongooses, etc.">
- <MEANING>meat-eaters</MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Archonta" crown="1">
- <MEANING>
- rulers
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Chiropteromorpha" status="informal" in="Chiroptera" out="Primates">
- <MEANING>
- Chiroptera forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Chiroptera" content="bats">
- <MEANING>
- hand wings
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dermoptera" q="1" content="colugos or flying lemurs">
- <MEANING>
- skin wings
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Primatomorpha" in="Primates" out="Chiroptera">
- <MEANING>
- Primates forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Scandentia" q="1" content="tree shrews"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Plesiadapiformes" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Primates" crown="1" content="apes, humans, lemurs, lorises, monkeys, etc.">
- <MEANING>
- primary <LOW>ones</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Anagalida" crown="1">
- <CLADE name="Macroscelidea" content="elephant shrews">
- <MEANING>
- large limbs
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Anagaloidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Glires" in="Lagomorpha, Rodentia">
- <CLADE name="Duplicidentata" in="Lagomorpha" out="Rodentia">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mimotonida"/>
- <CLADE name="Lagomorpha" crown="1" content="rabbits, hares, pikas">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Lagus"/> <LOW>(rabbit)</LOW> forms
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Simplicidentata" in="Rodentia" out="Lagomorpha">
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Eurymylus"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Matutinia"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Rhombomylus"/>
- <CLADE name="Rodentomorpha">
- <MEANING>
- Rodentia forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Helomys"/>
- <CLADE name="Rodentiformes">
- <MEANING>
- Rodentia forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tribosphenomys"/>
- <CLADE name="Rodentia" crown="1" content="rodents"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ungulatamorpha" in="Ungulata" out="Carnivora, Archonta, Anagalida, Insectivora">
- <MEANING>
- Ungulata forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Aspanlestes"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Avitotherium"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Alostera"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Zenlestidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ungulata" sensu="lato"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dinocerata" q="1" content="Uintatherium, etc."/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Oxyclaenidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Ungulata" crown="1" content="hoofed mammals, etc.">
- <MEANING>
- hooves
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arctocyonidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arctostylopidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paroxyclaenidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tricuspiodontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Tubulidentata" content="aardvarks">
- <MEANING>
- tubular teeth
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mioclaenidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Periptychidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Meridiungulata" content="extinct South American ungulates">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Didolodontidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Astrapotheria" q="1" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Litopterna" content="Macrauchenia, etc." extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE q="1">
- <CLADE name="Pyrotheria" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Xenungulata"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Notoungulata">
- <MEANING>
- southern ungulates
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Notoprongonia"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Toxodontia"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Typotheria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Mesaxonia">
- <CSYNONYM name="Altungulata"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Paenungulata" q="1"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Penungulata" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Meniscotheriidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Phenacodontidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Embrithopoda" content="large, double-horned herbivores"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Hyracoidea" q="1" content="hyraxes"/>
- <CLADE name="Perissodactyla" content="horses, rhinos, tapirs, brontotheriids, chalicotheriids, etc.">
- <MEANING>
- odd <LOW>number of</LOW> fingers
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Loxolophidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Phenacolophidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Tethytheria" in="Sirenia, Elephantidae">
- <MEANING>
- Tethys <LOW>Sea</LOW> beasts
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Sirenia" content="manatees, dugongs, sea cows">
- <MEANING>
- sirens <LOW>(alluring marine creatures of Greek mythology)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Desmostylia" content="hippo-like amphibious ungulates">
- <MEANING>
- linked beam
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Proboscidea" content="elephants, mammoths, etc.">
- <MEANING>
- probosces
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Paraxonia">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Triisodontidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Artiodactyla" crown="1" content="pigs, hippos, deer, giraffes, antelope, cattle, goats, sheep, etc.">
- <MEANING>
- even<LOW> number of</LOW> fingers
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cete" in="Cetacea" out="Artiodactyla">
- <MEANING>
- whales
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Hapalodectidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mesonychidae">
- <CLADE name="Cetacea" content="whales" sensu="lato">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Protocetidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Remingtonocetidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Basilosauridae" content="serpent whales">
- <CSYNONYM name="Zeuglodontidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Autoceta" content="modern whales">
- <CSYNONYM name="Cetacea" crown="1" sensu="stricto"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Eutheria">
- <CLADE name="Erinaceomorpha" q="1" content="hedgehogs"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Atlantogenata">
- <CLADE name="Xenarthra"/>
- <CLADE name="Afrotheria">
- <MEANING>African beasts</MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Afrosoricida"" content="tenrecs, golden moles, etc.">
- <MEANING>African shrews</MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Macroscelidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Pseudungulata">
- <CLADE name="Tubulidentata"/>
- <CLADE name="Paenungulata">
- <CSYNONYM name="Uranotheria"/>
- <CLADE name="Hyracoidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Tethytheria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Glires"/>
- <CLADE name="Euarchonta">
- <CLADE name="Dermoptera" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Primatomorpha"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Laurasiatheria">
- <MEANING>Laurasian beasts</MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Eulipotyphla" content="shrews & moles"/>
- <CLADE name="Scrotifera">
- <CLADE name="Chiroptera"/>
- <CLADE name="Fereuungulata">
- <CLADE name="Zooamata">
- <MEANING>animal friends</MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Carnivora"/>
- <CLADE name="Perissodactyla"/>
- <CLADE name="Pholidota"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Artiodactyla">
- <CSYNONYM name="Cetartiodactyla"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Paraxonia" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Tylopoda" content="camels, llamas, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Suoidea" content="pigs, peccaries"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ruminantia" content="deer, giraffes, antelope, cattle, goats, sheep, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Whippomorpha">
- <MEANING>wh<LOW>ale-h</LOW>ippo forms</MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Hippopotamoidea" content="hippopotami, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Cetacea" sensu="lato"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Mammals originated around the same time as the
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, but remained in their shadow throughout the
-<LINK content="Mesozoic"/>. After the K/T extinction, they diversified to
-fit the niches that the dinosaurs left empty, as well as many other niches.
-Go us! Dinosaurs may be cool, but who's on top of the food chain now, eh?
-I have to go eat some <LINK content="chicken"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Neoceratosauria" nickname="Primitive Predators With Big Teeth">
- <WORD key="1" content="predator, carnotaur, horned, horns, carnivore, carnivorous, meat"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Neoceratosauria" in="Ceratosaurus" out="Coelophysis" silhouette="neoceratosauria">
- <MEANING>
- new ceratosaurs
- </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1991"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ceratosauroidea" sensu="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Dandakosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Genusaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sarcosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Ceratosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Abelisauroidea" in="Carnotaurus" out="Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus" silhouette="abelisauroidea">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Compsosuchus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dryptosauroides" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Genyodectes"/>
- <CGENUS name="Jubbulpuria" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornithomimoides" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ilokelesia" silhouette="abeliosauroidea-small"/>
- <CGENUS name="Laevisuchus" silhouette="abelisauroidea-small"/>
- <CLADE name="Abelisauria" in="Abelisaurus, Noasaurus">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Abelisaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Noasauridae" silhouette="abelisauroidea-small">
- <CGENUS name="Masiakasaurus" silhouette="neotheropoda"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ligabueino" ailhouette="noasaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Noasaurus" silhouette="noasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Velocisaurus" silhouette="abelisauroidea-small"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Abelisauridae" in="Abelisaurus, Carnotaurus, Indosaurus, Indosuchus, Xenotarsosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Novas" year="1997"/>
- <UNNAMED><REMAINS content="skull"/><PLACE name="Niger"/><TIME value="Cenomanian"/></UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Betasuchus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Xenotarsosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tarascosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Indosuchus"/>
- <CLADE name="Abelisaurinae" in="Abelisaurus" out="Carnotaurus">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
- <CGENUS name="Abelisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Carnotaurinae" in="Carnotaurus" out="Abelisaurus" silhouette="carnotaurinae">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Majungasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Aucasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Carnotaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Indosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Majungatholus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Abelisauroidea">
- <CLADE name="Carcharodontosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Abelisauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> These were mostly medium-large predators which displayed some primitive
-characteristics, such as four manual digits, one of which was lost in
-the more "advanced" <LINK content="tetanurans"/>, the other great branch of
-<LINK content="theropods"/>. Although never quite as diverse (or numerous) as the
-tetanurans, neoceratosaurs had some variety. Most were medium-large
-predators, but there were also tiny ones like
-<NOMEN name="Ligabueino"/> and <NOMEN name="Velocisaurus"/>.
-<NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> seems to have had a large "sickle claw" on
-each foot, like the tetanuran <LINK content="troodontids"/> and
-<LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/>. Many neoceratosaurs had ornate horns on
-their heads, like <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/> and the carnotaurines. </P>
-
-<P> Neoceratosaurs were generally robust with "tall" heads. Some had a small
-opening in front of the antorbital fenestra, similar but probably
-convergent to the maxillary fenestra of tetanurans. Neoceratosaurs had six
-or seven fused sacral vertebrae, more than other theropods. </P>
-
-<P> During the <LINK content="Cretaceous"/>, neoceratosaurs inhabited the southern, or Gondwanan,
-continents. If, as a few suspect, the mighty <LINK content="carcharodontosaurines"/>
-are abelisauroids, they may have even been the dominant Gondwanan predators
-(although it seems more likely that they are
-<LINK content="allosauroids"/>). Neoceratosaurs persisted to the end of the
-<LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Neornithes" nickname="Modern Birds" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="bird, modern, classification, cladogram, evolution, feather, flight, origin, Diatryma"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="chicken, modern bird, modern birds, modern flying birds, modern-day birds, neornithean birds, ostriches, penguins, sparrow, songbird, trochilid, trochilids, turkey, phorusrhacids"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Aegotheles, Apteryx, Aquila, Aratinga, Casuarius, Ceratogymna, Gastornis, Dinornis, Dromaius, Icterus, Opisthocomo, Passer, Pavo, Pelagornis, Phorusrhacus, Sagittarius, Selasphorus, Scaniornis, Struthio, Teratornis, Titanis, Trochilis, Tyto"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Neornithes" crown="1" silhouette="neornithes">
- <MEANING>
- new birds
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Aves" sensu="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <CLADE name="Palaeognathae" in="Ratitae" out="Passeriformes">
- <MEANING>
- old jaws
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Palaeognathia"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Eoaves"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Eremopezus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Remiornis"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Stromeria"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Eleutherornithidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Tinamiformes" content="tinamous">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Tinamus" nolink="1"/> (tinamou) forms
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ratitae" in="Apteryx, Struthio">
- <CSYNONYM name="Ratiti"/>
- <CLADE name="Apteryges" in="Apteryx" out="Struthio">
- <CLADE name="Apterygiformes" content="kiwis"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dinornithiformes" q="1" content="moa"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dromornithiformes" q="1" content="mihirung"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Struthiones" in="Struthio" out="Apteryx">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Aepyornithiformes" content="elephant birds"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Casuariiformes" content="cassowaries, emus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Rheiformes" content="rheas"/>
- <CLADE name="Struthioniformes" content="ostriches"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Neognathae" in="Passeriformes" out="Ratitae">
- <MEANING>
- new jaws
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Neognathia"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Neoaves"/>
- <CLADE name="Galloanserae">
- <CLADE name="Anseriformes" q="1" content="ducks, geese, swans, screamers, Presbyornis, Gastornis?"/>
- <CLADE name="Galliformes" q="1" content="turkeys, grouse, quails, pheasants, peafowl, etc."/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Mesitornithidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ardeidae" q="1" content="herons"/>
- <CLADE name="Eurypygoidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Otides"/>
- <CLADE name="Rhynchoceti" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Gruimorphae">
- <CLADE name="Gruiformes" content="cranes, rails, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Podicepiformes" q="1" content="grebes"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Charadriomorphae">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Graculavidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Ciconiimorphae">
- <CLADE name="Phoenicopteriformes" content="flamingos"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ciconiiformes" content="storks, spoonbills?, New World vultures?, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pelecaniformes" content="pelicans, frigate birds, gannets, boobies, cormorants, anhingas, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Procellariformes" content="albatrosses, petrels, shearwaters, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Gaviiformes" content="loons"/>
- <CLADE name="Sphenisciformes" content="penguins"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Burnithidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Charadriiformes">
- <CLADE status="informal" name="Charadriida" content="avocets, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Phalaropodidae" q="1" content="phalaropes"/>
- <CLADE name="Scolopacida" status="informal" content="jacanas, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Laridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Sternidae" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Stercorariidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Dromadidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Turnicidae" content="button quails"/>
- <CLADE q="1">
- <CLADE name="Pteroclidiformes"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Columbiformes" content="pigeons, doves, sandgrouse, dodo"/>
- <CLADE name="Psittaciformes" content="cockatoos, parrots"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cariamae" content="phorusrhacids, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Falconiformes" content="falcons, caracaras" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Opisthocomiformes" q="1" content="hoatzins, Foro?"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cuculiformes" q="1" content="cuckoos, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pandionidae" q="1" content="ospreys"/>
- <CLADE name="Sagittariidae" q="1" comment="secretary birds"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Musophagiformes" q="1" content="turacos, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Accipitriformes" q="1" content="hawks, eagles, Old World vultures, Horusornis?"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Anomalogonatae">
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Zygodactylus"/>
- <CLADE name="Coliiformes" content="mousebirds"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Sandcoleiformes"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Strigiformes" content="owls"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Apodiformes" content="swifts, hummingbirds"/>
- <CLADE name="Caprimulgiformes" content="goatsuckers"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Coraciiformes" content="rollers, courols, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Trogoniformes" content="trogons, todies, motmots, bee eaters, kingfishers, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Bucerotimorphae">
- <CLADE name="Bucerotiformes" content="hornbills, hoopoes, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Piciformes" content="barbets, toucans, woodpeckers, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Passeriformes" content="songbirds, etc."/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This group contains all modern, toothless <LINK content="birds"/>.
-They are divided into paleognathans (ratites and tinamous) and neognathans
-(all other modern birds). Beyond that, classification gets tricky --
-there are about as many schemes as there are scientists studying avian
-phylogeny. Neornithean systematics is highly volatile at the moment, so
-don't be surprised if you see changes here. </P>
-
-<P header="Survivors"> When all the other <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> died
-out at the end of the <LINK content="Cretaceous Period"/>, neornithean
-birds made an attempt to fill the empty niches left by the large predatory
-<LINK content="theropods"/>. In South America, large, ground-dwelling,
-carnivorous phorusrhacids evolved and lasted until fairly recently. But
-today, with few exceptions, birds are aerial, not terrestrial. </P>
-
-<P> In the skies, however, these last descendants of the mighty dinosaurs
-still reign supreme. They beat out <LINK content="pterosaurs"/> in the
-<LINK content="Mesozoic"/> (in the smaller niches) and today they keep
-<LINK content="mammalian bats"/> from flying during the day. There are over
-twice as many living species of bird as living species of mammal. They are
-the last vestige of the dinosaurs' dominion. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ornithischia" nickname='Beaked, "Bird-Hipped" Plant-Eaters'>
- <WORD key="1" content="bird-hipped, bird, hipped, hips, pelvis, pelves, herbivorous, herbivores, plant, plant-eating, vegetarian, veggie, vegetable"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="genasaurian ornithischian, fabrosaurid"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ornithischia" in="Triceratops" out="Neornithes" silhouette="ornithischia">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian, May" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- bird<LOW>-like</LOW> ischia
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Predentata"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Orthopoda"/>
- <UNNAMED comment="primitive">
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="large, primitive">
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Alocodon"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Lucianosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Revueltosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Technosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tecovasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Trimucrodon"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Xiaosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Galtonia"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pekinosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pisanosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <UNNAMED incertae="1" cf="Echinodon">
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="limb elements, etc."/>
- <REMAINS content="right dentary, left maxilla" q="1"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Agilisaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Fabrosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gongbusaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lesothosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Genasauria" in="Triceratops, Ankylosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1986"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Orbitoscuta"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Echinodon"/>
- <CGENUS name="Jeholosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Taveirosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Thecospondylus" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Thyreophora"/>
- <CLADE name="Cerapoda" in="Triceratops, Iguanodon" silhouette="cerapoda">
- <MEANING>
- Cera<LOW>topsia and Ornitho</LOW>poda
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Neornithischia"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Notoceratops"/>
- <CLINK name="Heterodontosauridae"/>
- <CLINK name="Ornithopoda"/>
- <CLADE name="Marginocephalia" in="Triceratops, Pachycephalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- margin heads
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Xuanhuasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Stenopelix"/>
- <CLINK name="Pachycephalosauria"/>
- <CLINK name="Ceratopsia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Genasauria">
- <CLADE name="Thyreophora">
- <CGENUS name="Scutellosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Thyreophoroidea">
- <CGENUS name="Scelidosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Ankylosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Stegosauria" comment="definition altered">
- <CGENUS name="Emausaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Huayangosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Stegosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cerapoda">
- <CLADE name="Ornithopoda"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Heterodontosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Marginocephalia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Genasauria" comment="definition altered">
- <CLADE name="Ornithopoda"/>
- <CLADE name="Orbitoscuta" in="Triceratops, Ankylosaurus">
- <CLADE name="Thyreophora"/>
- <CLADE name="Marginocephalia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Ornithischia">
- <CGENUS name="Pisanosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Genasauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Fabrosauridae">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1972"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Peng" year="1997"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Lesothosauridae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Fabrosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Agilisaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gongbusaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Cerapoda">
- <CLADE name="Marginocephalia"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithopoda">
- <CLADE name="Heterodontosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Euornithopoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <ILLO name="ornithischian_pelvis"/> Ornithischia includes the
-"bird-hipped" <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, so called because the pubis
-seems to run backwards and parallel to the ischium as
-in <LINK content="birds"/> (in actuality, a process on the pubis grew
-backwards). Some dislike this name since certain
-<LINK content="saurischian dinosaurs"/> had more bird-like hips (especially
-birds themselves!). They prefer the name Predentata, which refers to the
-predentary bone in the front of the lower jaw. This bone is unique to
-these dinosaurs. </P>
-
-<P> Apart from certain <LINK content="theropods"/>, ornithischians were the only
-beaked dinosaurs. They were all herbivorous (save for a few possible
-omnivores, like <LINK content="heterodontosaurids"/>), and included a very wide
-variety of forms: <LINK content="armored tanks"/>,
-<LINK content="nimble runners & duck-bills"/>,
-<LINK content="lithe tuskers"/>, <LINK content="stone-headed chargers"/>, and
-<LINK content="the horned & frilled dinosaurs"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Origin"> The earliest ornithischians were small, bipedal plant eaters, like
-<NOMEN name="Pisanosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. Most later
-ornithischian lineages became quadrupedal as they evolved into bigger forms,
-although some, like the <LINK content="ornithopods"/> and
-<LINK content="pachycephalosaurs"/>, retained at least some degree of
-bipedality throughout. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ornithodira" nickname='"Bird Necks" - Dinosaurs & Pterosaurs'>
- <WORD key="1" content="lagosuchian, thecodontian, thecodont, origin, first, evolution, ancestors"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="lagosuchian, lagosuchians"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ornithodira" in="Neornithes, Pterodactylus, Lagosuchus, Herrerasaurus, Triceratops, Saltasaurus" silhouette="ornithosuchia">
- <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- bird necks
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Avipes" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Scleromochlus"/>
- <CLADE name="Pterosauromorpha" in="Pterodactylus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="pterosauromorpha">
- <MEANING>
- Pterosauria forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Sharovipteryx" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Pterosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dinosauromorpha" in="Neornithes" out="Pterodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- Dinosauria forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Lagerpeton"/>
- <CLADE name="Dinosauriformes" in="Neornithes, Lagosuchus">
- <MEANING>
- Dinosauria forms
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Lagosuchus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Marasuchus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pseudolagosuchus"/>
- <CLINK name="Dinosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Archosauromorpha"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Classification"> Ornithodira ("bird necks") is divided into two major sections.
-Dinosauromorpha includes <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> and their early
-ancestors, the "lagosuchians". These ancestors were very small, about
-1.5 to 3.5 feet long. They were probably carnivorous or insectivorous. </P>
-
-<P> The other group, Pterosauromorpha, includes <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>,
-the so-called "flying <LINK content="reptiles"/>" (although
-<LINK content="birds"/> are also considered reptiles under the cladistic
-system). There are two possible non-pterosaurian pterosauromorphs:
-<NOMEN name="Sharovipteryx"/>, an animal which may have
-glided on membranes supported by its hindlimbs; and
-<NOMEN name="Scleromochlus"/>, a small, poorly understood creature. </P>
-
-<P> Some do not consider pterosaurs to be close relatives of dinosaurs:
-<REFER page="Archosauromorpha"/><REFER page="http://home.stlnet.com/~azero/Pterosaur_Homepage.htm" title="The Pterosaur Home Page"/></P>
-
-<P header="Warm-Blooded, Cold-Blooded, or Both?"> All ornithodirans walked
-with a fully upright stance, like that of most <LINK content="mammals"/>.
-The group is named for the S-shaped neck found in most members. </P>
-
-<P> The only living ornithodirans, birds, are highly endothermic (or
-"warm-blooded"), but there is still debate as to the metabolic rate of
-extinct ornithodirans. The idea that they were endothermic has gained
-much acceptance in recent times, but some still maintain that they were
-ectothermic (or "cold-blooded"). Others think that they may have had
-intermediate metabolisms, or alternate types of physiology. But everyone
-agrees that the upright stance of ornithodirans indicates a high level
-of activity, regardless of metabolic rate. </P>
-
-<P> It has been suggested that the fur-like integument seen in some pterosaur
-fossils and the feathers seen in some dinosaurs (fossil and living) might be
-homologous. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ornithomimosauria" nickname="Ostrich-Mimicking Speed Racers">
- <WORD key="1" content="ostrich, bird, mimic, fast, fastest, runner, cursorial, speed, velocity"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="ostrich mimic, fast runners"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria" in="Ornithomimus, Pelecanimimus" silhouette="ornithomimosauria">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1976"/>
- <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> lizards
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED q="1" indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="claw"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" content="pubis"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Pelecanimimus"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimidae">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Smith, Galton" year="1990"/>
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Georgia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="12 skeletons (with gastroliths)"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Archaeornithomimus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Deinocheirus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Garudimimus" silhouette="garudimimus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Orcomimus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Sanchusaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomiminae">
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gallimimus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Anserimimus"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithomimini">
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dromiceiomimus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornithomimus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Struthiomimus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Coelurosauria"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> These <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> are commonly known as the
-"ostrich mimics" or "ostrich dinosaurs" (although, technically,
-<LINK content="ostriches"/> <B>are</B> dinosaurs -- and if you think about
-it, isn't it ostriches who are ornithomimosaur mimics?). They were possibly
-the fastest of dinosaurs, with conjectured running speeds of 40-50 1.
-They all had very large eyes, like their possible relatives the
-<LINK content="troodontids"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Physical Characteristics"> A peculiar feature of the ornithomimoids is the toothless, beaked mouth.
-This may indicate that they were one of the few groups of
-non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="theropods"/> to abandon a
-predatory lifestyle, possibly assuming an herbivorous or omnivorous mode of
-life similar to that of modern-day ostriches. Early ornithomimosaurs such as
-<NOMEN name="Pelecanimimus"/> still had teeth,
-although they were quite small. </P>
-
-<P> Ornithomimoids were all fairly similar. They had lost the first, inner
-toe, a dewclaw in most theropods. The ornithomimids are especially difficult
-to distinguish from each other, and for this reason some feel that they
-should all be lumped into one genus, <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Size"> Ornithomimosaurs were fairly similar in size, from the most primitive ones
-at 2 meters long to the advanced ones at 3.5-4m. The exception is the giant
-ornithomimoid <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ornithopoda" nickname="From Dinosaurian Gazelles to Bulky Duck-Bills">
- <WORD key="1" content="hypsilophodontian"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="nimble runners & duck-bills"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ornithopoda" in="Iguanodon" out="Triceratops" silhouette="ornithopoda">
- <MEANING>
- bird feet
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="large">
- <REMAINS content="femur"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Kota" q="1">
- <TIME value="EJ"/> <TIME value="MJ"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="with nests">
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED content="small Tetori">
- <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Ethiopia"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Anoplosaurus tanyspondylus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Atlascopcosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Fulgurotherium"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Leaellynasaura"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Nanosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Notohypsilophodon"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Phyllodon"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Qantassaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Sanpasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Siluosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tichosteus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Yandusaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Bugenasaura"/>
- <CGENUS name="Thescelosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Zephyrosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Orodromeus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Zephyrosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Othnieliidae">
- <CGENUS name="Yandusaurus multidens"/>
- <CLADE name="Othnieliinae">
- <CGENUS name="Drinker"/>
- <CGENUS name="Othnielia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Euornithopoda" in="Iguanodon, Hypsilophodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- true ornithopods
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Parksosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Hypsilophodontia" in="Hypsilophodon" out="Iguanodon">
- <CSYNONYM name="Hypsilophodontidae" sensu="Sues" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Hypsilophodon"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Hypsilophodon"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Iguanodontia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Ornithopoda">
- <CLINK name="Heterodontosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Euornithopoda">
- <CLADE name="Iguanodontia"/>
- <CLADE name="Hypsilophodontia">
- <CGENUS name="Bugenasaura"/>
- <CGENUS name="Thescelosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Hypsilophodontoidea">
- <CLADE name="Hypsilophodontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Othnieliidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Zephyrosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="History of Classification"> This group has at various times included nearly all bipedal
-<LINK content="ornithischians"/>. By now many forms once included here have
-been recognized as primitive members of other largely quadrupedal groups
-(<NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/>),
-creatures too primitive to belong to any major ornithischian clade
-(<NOMEN name="Pisanosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>),
-or members of their own group (<LINK content="pachycephalosaurs"/>).
-Ornithopoda still includes "hypsilophodonts" and
-<LINK content="iguanodonts"/> (including <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/>,
-or duck-billed dinosaurs), and possibly <LINK content="heterodontosaurids"/>
-as well. </P>
-
-<P> It was once thought that the animals listed on this page formed a clade:
-Hypsilophodontia, sister clade of <LINK content="Iguanodontia"/>. But newer
-studies indicate that this group was paraphyletic. The only definite
-hypsilophodont is <NOMEN name="Hypsilophodon"/> itself. </P>
-
-<P header="Niche"> The animals on this page were small or tiny bipedal runners which may
-have lived lifestyles similar to those of such modern-day
-<LINK content="mammals"/> as deer, gazelles, and kangaroos. From creatures
-such as these came the larger, semi-quadrupedal iguanodonts. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Ornithurae" nickname="Advanced Birds" silhouette="ambiortimorphae">
- <WORD key="1" content="bird, toothed, teeth, origin, evolution, classification, cladogram"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="ichthyornithid, ornithuran bird"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Ornithurae" in="Neornithes, Hesperornis" silhouette="pygostylia">
- <MEANING>
- bird tails
- </MEANING>
- <CLINK name="Hesperornithiformes"/>
- <CLADE silhouette="ambiortimorphae">
- <CGENUS name="Apsaravis"/>
- <CLADE name="Carinatae" in="Neornithes, Ichthyornis">
- <UNNAMED incertae="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CLADE name="Ichthyornithiformes">
- <CSYNONYM name="Apatornithiformes" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Ichthyornis"/> forms
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Apatornis" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ichthyornis"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Limenavis"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Lithornithiformes" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Neornithes"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Ornithurans include modern birds (<LINK content="neornitheans"/>) and
-their relatives. Except for neornitheans, ornithurans retained small
-teeth in their jaws, except at the front of the upper jaw (premaxilla). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Oviraptorosauria" nickname="Toothless Weirdos & Little Sprinters" silhouette="oviraptoridae-crested">
- <WORD key="1" content="egg, eggs, nest, nests"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="toothless weirdos"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria" in="Oviraptor, Chirostenotes" silhouette="oviraptorosauria">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1976"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian, Hutchinson, Holtz" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> lizards
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Caenagnathidae" sensu="Paul" year="1988"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Caenagnathoidea"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Oviraptoroidea"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nomingia" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Caenagnathidae" in="Chirostenotes" out="Oviraptor">
- <UNNAMED comment="large">
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CSYNONYM name="Elmisauridae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Caenagnathasia"/>
- <CLADE name="Caenagnathinae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Elmisaurinae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chirostenotes"/>
- <CGENUS name="Elmisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Oviraptoridae" in="Oviraptor" out="Chirostenotes">
- <UNNAMED cf="Oviraptor">
- <REMAINS content="2 postcrania with nests of eggs (with embryos), skull"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 skeletons"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Citipati" silhouette="oviraptoridae-crested"/>
- <CGENUS name="Conchoraptor"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ingenia"/>
- <CGENUS name="Khaan"/>
- <CGENUS name="Oviraptor" silhouette="oviraptoridae-crested"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Classification and Characteristics"> This group includes the oviraptorids and the caenagnathids. The latter
-are a somewhat poorly known group, known mainly by hands and feet, which
-are fairly <LINK content="bird"/>-like. </P>
-
-<P> Oviraptorids were a very peculiar group of <LINK content="theropods"/>.
-Their mouths were entirely toothless, forming beaks. They were sometimes
-classified with the <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>, another group of
-toothless theropods. However, they lack the arctometatarsalian foot of
-the ornithomimids and other <LINK content="arctometatarsalian"/>
-theropods. </P>
-
-<P header="A Devoted Mother"> One oviraptorid specimen was found huddled atop a nest of its own eggs,
-its wing-like arms spread over them. Apparently it was protecting its brood
-when a sand avalanche buried and killed it. (The head of the
-specimen is missing, so it is not certain which type of oviraptorid it is,
-although it may well be <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>.) </P>
-
-<P header="The End"> It is not certain whether oviraptorosaurs made it to the very end of
-the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>. There is no evidence of them from very
-late <LINK content="Maastrichtian"/> sediments, so they may have died out
-right before the K/T Extinction. But some dinosaur groups are only known to
-have died out in the K/T Extinction because their teeth have been found from
-that time. Since oviraptorosaurs had no teeth, and teeth preserve better than
-other remains, they may have made it to the end but not left any evidence
-that we have yet found. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Pachycephalosauria" nickname="Bone-Heads">
- <WORD key="1" content="bone, butt, bone-headed, butt-headed, head, heads, headed, ram, ramming"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="stone-headed chargers"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Pachycephalosauria" in="Pachycephalosaurus" out="Triceratops" silhouette="pachycephalosauria">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Yaverlandia" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Wannanosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Goyocephalia" in="Goyocephale, Pachycephalosaurus">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Goyocephale"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Goyocephale"/>
- <CGENUS name="Micropachycephalosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Homalocephaloidea" in="Homalocephale, Pachycephalosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Homalocephale"/>
- <CLINK name="Pachycephalosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This was an odd group of <LINK content="ornithischians"/>, characterized by an
-extremely thick skull roof, often lined with small bumps and spikes. The
-most commonly accepted explanation for these thick "bone-heads" is that
-they were used to butt heads in mating displays similar to those of
-bighorn sheep. </P>
-
-<P header="History of Classification"> Pachycephalosaurs were once classified as <LINK content="ornithopods"/>,
-mainly because of their bipedal stance. But they seem to be more closely
-related to the <LINK content="ceratopsians"/>, due to similarities such
-as a ridge along the back of the skull, which evolved into a frill among
-the ceratopsians. </P>
-
-<P> The genera listed here were the "flat-headed" pachycephalosaurs. They
-were sometimes grouped into the family Homalocephalidae, although this is
-probably paraphyletic. </P>
-
-<P header="Location"> Pachycephalosaurs, known only from the northern hemisphere
-(with few possible exceptions), are fairly
-rare, leading some to theorize that they may have inhabited environments
-that were not conducive to fossilization, such as mountains. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Pachycephalosauridae" nickname="Dome-Heads">
- <WORD key="1" content="bone, butt, dome, dome-headed, head, heads, headed, ram, sheep"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Pachycephalosauridae" silhouette="pachycephalosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Stegoceras"/>
- <CLADE name="Pachycephalosaurinae">
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Gravitholus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Prenocephale"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tylocephale"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pachycephalosaurini">
- <UNNAMED comment="high-domed">
- <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Microcephale" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Stygimoloch" silhouette="stygimoloch"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Pachycephalosaurids were the "dome-headed" pachycephalosaurs. Their skull
-roofs were immensely thickened to create a large dome of solid bone on the
-top of their skulls. The dome was adorned by bumps and spikes, which grew
-quite long in <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/>. The spine was strengthened,
-possibly for head-on butting. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>, at around 25 feet in length, was
-by far the giant of the group. Most other species were less than 10 feet
-long. <NOMEN name="Microcephale"/> was one of the smallest
-non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaurs. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Pterodactyloidea" nickname='"Pterodactyls" - Advanced Fliers'>
- <WORD key="1" content="pterodactyl, ptero, pterodactyls, flying, flight, soaring, flew, wing"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Pterodactyloidea" silhouette="pterodactyloidea">
- <UNNAMED indet="1"><PLACE name="Niger"/><TIME value="Aptian"/><REMAINS content="phalanx of digit IV"/></UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1" comment="large">
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <REMAINS content="right manual phalanx II"/>
- <!--WINGSPAN value="3.5"/-->
- <!--WINGSPAN value="5"/-->
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Dermodactylus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Eosipterus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Herbstosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Kepodactylus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Mesadactylus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Wyomingopteryx"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Nyctosaurus" silhouette="pterodactyloidea-crested"/>
- <CLADE name="Ornithocheiroidea">
- <CLADE name="Ornithocheiridae" silhouette="pterodactyloidea-curved">
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="shoulder girdle, vertebra, mandible section"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Araripedactylus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Araripesaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Brasileodactylus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornithocheirus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Santanadactylus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pteranodontoidea" silhouette="pteranodontoidea">
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="jaw fragments"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial pelvis, sacral centra, sacral rib"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" content="toothed jaw fragment"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Bogolubovia" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornithostoma"/>
- <CGENUS name="Istiodactylus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pteranodon" silhouette="pteranodon"/>
- <CLADE name="Anhangueridae" silhouette="anhangueridae">
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <TIME value="K"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="front of upper jaw without tip"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Cearadactylus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Coloborhynchus clavirostris"/>
- <CGENUS name="Criorhynchus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Siroccopteryx"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tropeognathus"/>
- <CLADE name="Anhanguerinae">
- <CGENUS name="Anhanguera" silhouette="anhanguera"/>
- <CGENUS name="Arthurdactylus" silhouette="pterodactyloidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cycnorhamphus" silhouette="pterodactyloidea-crested"/>
- <CGENUS name="Normannognathus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Pterodactylidae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Germanodactylidae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Germanodactylus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Haopterus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pterodactylus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ctenochasmatidae" silhouette="ctenochasmatidae">
- <CGENUS name="Ctenochasma" silhouette="pterodactyloidea-curved"/>
- <CGENUS name="Huanhepterus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pterodaustro" silhouette="pterodaustro"/>
- <CLADE name="Gnathosaurinae" status="informal" silhouette="gnathosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Gnathosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Plataleorhynchus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dsungaripteridae" silhouette="dsungaripteridae">
- <CGENUS name="Dsungaripterus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Noripterus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Phobetor"/>
- <CGENUS name="Puntanipterus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Azhdarchoidea" silhouette="azhdarchoidea">
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="jaw fragments"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Tapejara" silhouette="tapejara"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Tupuxuara" silhouette="tupuxuara"/>
- <CLADE name="Azhdarchidae">
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="jaw fragments"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="Solana giant">
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <REMAINS content="specimen with skin impressions"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="proximal end of ulna"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Arambourgiania"/>
- <CGENUS name="Azhdarcho"/>
- <CGENUS name="Bennettazhia" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Diopocephalus" silhouette="azhdarchidae-small"/>
- <CGENUS name="Doratorhynchus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Montanazhdarcho"/>
- <CGENUS name="Quetzalcoatlus" silhouette="quetzalcoatlus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Zhejiangopterus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Pterodactyloidea">
- <CLADE name="Scalmognatha" status="informal">
- <CGENUS name="Germanodactylus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pteranodon"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Nyctosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Dsungaripteridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Tapejaridae">
- <CGENUS name="Tapejara"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tupuxuara"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Euthygnatha" status="informal">
- <CGENUS name="Germanodactylus rhamphastinus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cycnorhamphus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ornithodesmus latidens"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ornithocheiroidea">
- <CGENUS name="Ornithocheirus"/>
- <CLADE name="Anhangueridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pterodactylus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pterodaustro"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ctenochasmatidae">
- <CGENUS name="Ctenochasma"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gnathosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Tanydiroptera" status="informal">
- <CGENUS name="Diopocephalus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Doratorhynchus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Huanhepterus"/>
- <CLADE name="Azhdarchidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Pterodactyloids included the largest flying animals of all time. Giants
-like <NOMEN name="Quetzalcoatlus"/> could grow to have wingspans over 30
-feet, possibly weighing over 500 pounds. </P>
-
-<P header="Rise and Fall"> These short-tailed <LINK
-content="pterosaurs"/> came in a wide
-variety of forms, from the forceps-beaked <NOMEN name="Dsungaripterus"/> to
-the sieve-toothed <NOMEN name="Pterodaustro"/> to the toothless
-<NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/>. Several had enormous crests atop their heads. </P>
-
-<P> Pterodactyloid diversity declined throughout the
-<LINK content="Late Cretaceous"/>. By the end there were only a few giant
-forms, the smaller niches having all been taken over by
-<LINK content="birds"/>. This last remnant went extinct at the end of the
-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>, as did all <LINK content="ornithodirans"/>
-save for <LINK content="neornithean birds"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Pterosauria" nickname="Flying Reptiles">
- <WORD key="1" content="pterodactyl, flying, reptile, wing, flight"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Pterosauria" in="Anurognathus, Campylognathoides, Dimorphodon, Dorygnathus, Eudimorphodon, Peteinosaurus, Preondactylus, Pterodactylus, Rhamphorhynchus, Scaphognathus" silhouette="pterosauria">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno" year="1991"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="herein"/>
- <MEANING>winged lizards</MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Ornithosauria"/>
- <UNNAMED comment="crested, toothed"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="large Dolomia di Forni">
- <TIME value="Norian"/> <PLACE name="Italy"/>
- <REMAINS content="wing phalanx 4 (137+mm long)"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Comodactylus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Laopteryx"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Rhamphinion"/>
- <CGENUS name="Preondactylus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Anurognathidae" silhouette="anurognathidae">
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Dendrorhynchoides"/>
- <CGENUS name="Anurognathus" silhouette="anurognathus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Batrachognathus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Sordes"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Scaphognathus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Odontorhynchus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Dorygnathus" silhouette="dorygnathus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dimorphodontidae" silhouette="dimorphodontidae">
- <CGENUS name="Dimorphodon" silhouette="pterosauria"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nesodactylus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Peteinosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Campylognathoididae">
- <CGENUS name="Campylognathoides"/>
- <CGENUS name="Eudimorphodon"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Rhamphorhynchidae" silhouette="rhamphorhynchidae">
- <CGENUS name="Rhamphocephalus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Rhamphorhynchus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Angustinaripterus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Parapsicephalus"/>
- <CLINK name="Pterodactyloidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Pterosauria">
- <CGENUS name="Preondactylus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dimorphodontidae">
- <CGENUS name="Peteinosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Dimorphodon"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Nesodactylus"/>
- <CLADE name="Anurognathinae">
- <CGENUS name="Anurognathus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Batrachognathus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Tipidactyla" status="informal">
- <CLADE name="Rhamphorhynchidae">
- <CGENUS name="Eudimorphodon"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Campylognathoides"/>
- <CLADE name="Rhamphorhynchinae">
- <CGENUS name="Dorygnathus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Rhamphorhynchus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Sordes"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Scaphognathus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Parapsicephalus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Angustinaripterus"/>
- <CLADE name="Pterodactyloidea"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="Fliers Unlike Any Other"> Although they were the only other flying <LINK content="archosaurs"/>,
-pterosaurs were not closely related to <LINK content="birds"/>. Their
-wings had a very different structure. Birds support their wings with their
-second finger (or possibly third, if the frame shift hypothesis is true),
-while pterosaurs used the fourth. Additionally, pterosaurian
-wings were largely made up of skin membranes strengthened by fibers, while
-avian wings consist mainly of feathers. </P>
-
-<P header="Origins and Evolution"> Pterosaurs originated at about the
-same time as the
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. They began as small, long-tailed forms,
-sometimes called "rhamphorhynchoids". From these came larger,
-short-tailed forms, which make up the group
-<LINK content="Pterodactyloidea"/>. </P>
-
-<P> There is a recent theory that pterosaurs were not archosaurs, but
-derived from some type of basal <LINK content="archosauromorph"/>.
-For more:
-<REFER page="http://home.stlnet.com/~azero/Pterosaur_Homepage.htm"
-title="The Pterosaur Home Page"/> </P>
-
-<P header="Integument"> Pterosaurs were unique among <LINK content="reptiles"/> in that at least some
-of them were covered with hair, similar but not homologous to
-<LINK content="mammalian"/> hair. Although in some cases fibers in the wing
-membrane have been mistaken for hair, some fossils such as those of
-<NOMEN name="Sordes pilosus"/> ("hairy demon") do show hair on the head,
-neck, and torso, much like modern-day bats. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Sauropoda" nickname="Behemoths of the Land">
- <WORD key="1" content="brontosaur, cetiosaur, big, huge, large, humongous, giant, enormous, gigantic, biggest, largest, hugest, heaviest, heavy, bulky, bulkiest, earth, shaking, club, tail, tailed, neck, long, longest, defense, weapon"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="cetiosaur"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Sauropoda" in="Saltasaurus" out="Plateosaurus" silhouette="sauropoda">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Wilson, Sereno"/>
- <MEANING>lizard feet</MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Opisthocoelia" sensu="Riggs">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1860"/>
- </CSYNONYM>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Algeria"/>
- <REMAINS content="51 bones"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="left maxilla"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="late" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Zealand"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Yemen"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <TIME value="K" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="large">
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small">
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Asiatosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Cardiodon"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Kunmingosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Ultrasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Tendaguriidae" incertae="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Heinrich, Wild" year="2000"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tendaguria"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Gongxianosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Isanosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kotasaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Vulcanodon"/>
- <CLADE in="Saltasaurus" out="Vulcanodon">
- <CSYNONYM name="Eusauropoda" sensu="Wilson, Sereno"/>
- <CGENUS name="Datousaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shunosaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="shunosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Barapasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ohmdenosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Zizhongosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Eusauropoda" in="Saltasaurus" out="Barapasaurus, Ohmdenosaurus, Vulcanodon, Zizhongosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Upchurch"/>
- <MEANING>true sauropods</MEANING>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Chuanjiesaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Dachongosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Euhelopus" incertae="1" silhouette="euhelopodinae"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Klamelisaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Lancanjiangosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lapparentosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Morosaurus agilis"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Oshanosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Pleurocoelus altus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Protognathosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Rhoetosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tehuelchesaurus" silhouette="euhelopodinae"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tienshanosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Amygdalodon"/>
- <CLADE incertae="1" name="Mamenchisauridae">
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Hudiesaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Mamenchisaurus" silhouette="euhelopodinae"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Nurosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Omeisaurus" silhouette="euhelopodinae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Volkheimeria" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Patagosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cetiosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Rebbachisaurus tasmenensis" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Jobaria"/>
- <CLADE name="Neosauropoda" in="Saltasaurus, Diplodocus">
- <MEANING>
- new sauropods
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Morrison">
- <REMAINS content="60% complete skeleton"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/> <TIME value="LJ" section="late"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Cetiosauriscus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Qinlingosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Titanosaurus rahioliensis"/>
- <CGENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Agustiniidae" incertae="1" silhouette="agustiniidae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Agustinidae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Agustinia"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Diplodocimorpha"/>
- <CLINK name="Macronaria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Sauropoda">
- <CLADE name="Vulcanodontidae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Barapasauridae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Barapasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ohmdenosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Vulcanodon"/>
- <CGENUS name="Zizhongosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Eusauropoda">
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cetiosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Neosauropoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Euhelopodidae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Mamenchisauridae"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bellusaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Hudiesaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Klamelisaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Nurosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tienshanosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Datousaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shunosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Euhelopodinae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurinae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Euhelopus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Mamenchisaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Omeisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Sauropoda">
- <CGENUS name="Vulcanodon"/>
- <CLADE name="Eusauropoda" in="Saltasaurus" out="Vulcanodon">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Wilson, Sereno"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shunosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Barapasaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Omeisaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Jobaria"/>
- <CLADE name="Neosauropoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Sauropods were giant, long-necked <LINK content="dinosaurian"/> plant-eaters.
-All sauropods were quite large. Even the smallest ones were about as big as
-the largest members of other dinosaur groups. </P>
-
-<P header="Diversity"> Early sauropods like <NOMEN name="Vulcanodon"/> resembled large
-"<LINK content="prosauropods"/>". As sauropod evolution progressed,
-they became larger and more diverse. There were crested forms
-(<LINK content="macronarians"/>), armored forms
-(<LINK content="titanosaurs"/>), a plated form (<NOMEN name="Agustinia"/>),
-sailback forms (some <LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/>), and a
-club-tailed form (<NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>), but they were
-never quite as diverse as the other two major dinosaurian groups,
-<LINK content="Theropoda"/> and <LINK content="Ornithischia"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Classification"> The eusauropods shown here were often grouped together in Cetiosauridae,
-but it is probably a paraphyletic grouping. Vulcanodontidae, consisting of
-the non-eusauropod sauropods, is also probably paraphyletic. </P>
-
-<P header="Euhelopodidae or Not Euhelopodidae?"> There is a wide variance
-of opinion about this group, if it is a group. Some hold that the
-club-tailed <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>, the long-necked euhelopodines
-(<NOMEN name="Euhelopus"/>, <NOMEN name="Mamenchisaurus"/>, and <NOMEN
-name="Omeisaurus"/>), and some of their relatives form a distinct clade.
-More recently, other studies have strewn these animals all over Sauropoda,
-placing <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/> as a basal <LINK content="sauropod"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Omeisaurus"/> as a "<LINK content="cetiosaur"/>"
-just outside <LINK content="Neosauropoda"/>, and <NOMEN name="Euhelopus"/>
-as a relative of <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>! </P>
-
-<P>The position of nemegtosaurids is also debated. Some place them
-as <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>, others as <LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/>.
-They are currently only reliably known from cranial material, which
-is often lacking in sauropod fossils.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Sauropodomorpha" nickname="Long-Necked Plant-Eaters">
- <WORD key="1" content="brontosaur, prosauropod, early, plant, eating, herbivore, herbivourous"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="Prosauropoda, prosauropod, prosauropods"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha" in="Saltasaurus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="sauropodomorpha">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- Sauropoda forms
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="MTr" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LTr" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Canada"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <REMAINS content="left maxilla with 12 teeth, rostral parts of jaw, pectoral girdles, forelimbs, vertebrae, ribs, gastralia"/>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Gyposaurus sinensis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nyasasaurus" q="1" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Saturnalia"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Azendohsaurus"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Thecodontosaurus"/>
- <CLADE silhouette="sauropodomorpha-large">
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <TIME value="MTr" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LTr" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Anchisaurus" silhouette="sauropodomorpha"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chinshakiangosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Euskelosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lessemsaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Mussaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="sauropodomorpha"/>
- <CGENUS name="Microdontosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Riojasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ruehleia" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Thotobolosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Yimenosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Plateosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Plateosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sellosaurus" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Blikanasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Melanorosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Camelotia"/>
- <CGENUS name="Melanorosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Massospondylidae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Yunnanosauridae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Coloradisaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lufengosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Massospondylus"/>
- <CLADE name="Yunnanosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Jingshanosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Yunnanosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Sauropoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha">
- <CLADE name="Sauropoda"/>
- <CLADE name="Prosauropoda" in="Thecodontosaurus, Melanorosaurus, Plateosaurus" out="Saltasaurus">
- <MEANING>
- before Sauropoda
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Paleopoda"/>
- <CGENUS name="Thecodontosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Anchisaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Ammosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Yunnanosauridae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Sellosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Plateosauridae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Blikanasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Melanorosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha">
- <CLADE name="Sauropoda"/>
- <CLADE name="Prosauropoda">
- <CGENUS name="Riojasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gyposaurus sinensis"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Ammosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Plateosauria" in="Plateosaurus, Massospondylus">
- <CLADE name="Plateosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Massospondylidae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Yunnanosauridae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Massospondylus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Yunnanosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha">
- <CGENUS name="Thecodontosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Anchisaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Yunnanosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Sauropoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Sellosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Plateosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Blikanasaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Melanorosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Sauropodomorphs were the long necked, herbivorous, lizard-hipped
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, including the largest land animals of all
-time. </P>
-
-<P header='The "Prosauropods"'> The primitive sauropodomorphs listed
-here are commonly called
-"prosauropods". These were semi-quadrupedal herbivores from the
-<LINK content="Triassic"/> and <LINK content="Early Jurassic"/> with large,
-hooked claws on their feet. They were once thought to be omnivorous, since
-<LINK content="theropod"/> teeth found with them were often mistakenly
-thought to be the teeth of the prosauropods themselves. Instead, they were
-the largest herbivores of their day (although primitive ones may have been
-omnivorous). </P>
-
-<P> It is not certain whether "prosauropods" gave rise to the larger
-<LINK content="sauropods"/>, or if they are just the sister group to
-Sauropoda. No cladistic analysis has yet been done to test "prosauropod"
-monophyly. All to date have simply assumed monophyly based on the
-fact that prosauropods lack a digit that sauropods possess, lack of a digit
-usually being a derived trait, not a primitive one. </P>
-
-<P header="Brontosauria">
-The taxon Brontosauria was originally designated for a group containing
-Sauropoda and Prosauropoda, considered paraphyletic by its author. Here
-it has been cladistically translated as the node containing Sauropoda
-and Prosauropoda (<I>sensu</I> Wilson & Sereno), although this definition
-has not yet been used formally, to my knowledge. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Sauropsida" nickname="Scaly Ones" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="reptilian, monster, evolution, origin"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Mesosaurus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Sauropsida" in="Reptilia" out="Mammalia" silhouette="sauropsida">
- <MEANING>
- lizard faces
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Reptilia" in="Crocodylia, Squamata, Sphenodon, Chelonia">
- <AUTHOR name="Linnaeus"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1984"/>
- <MEANING>
- creepers
- </MEANING>
- <CLINK name="Anapsida"/>
- <CLADE name="Romeriida" in="Sauria" out="Chelonia">
- <CSYNONYM name="Eureptilia"/>
- <MEANING>
- Romer's <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Batropetidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bolosauridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Captorhinidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Protorothyrididae" paraphyletic="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Diapsida" comment="two temporal fenestrae, at least primitively">
- <MEANING>
- two apses
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" incertae="1" name="Longisquama"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Endennasauridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mesenosauridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Araeoscelida">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Araeoscelidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Petrolacosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Neodiapsida">
- <MEANING>
- new diapsids
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Coelurosauravidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Thalattosauria" q="1">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Askeptosauridae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Claraziidae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Thalattosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE incertae="1">
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Lazarussaurus"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Choristodera">
- <CSYNONYM name="Champsosauria"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Cteniogenys"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Neochoristodera">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Champsosauridae"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Simedosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Sauria" in="Crocodylia, Squamata, Sphenodon">
- <MEANING>
- lizards
- </MEANING>
- <CLINK name="Ichthyopterygia" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Sauropterygia" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Lepidosauromorpha"/>
- <CLINK name="Archosauromorpha"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Sauropsida is one of the two great lineages of
-<LINK content="amniote"/> (the other being <LINK content="Synapsida"/>,
-which includes <LINK content="Mammalia"/>). All known sauropsids
-belong to the clade Reptilia. </P>
-
-<P header="History of Classification"> Reptilia was once a "grab-bag" taxon for every amniote that was neither
-a <LINK content="bird"/> nor a mammal. It was divided into four sections based
-on the number and alignment of certain holes in the back of the skull
-(temporal fenestrae): Anapsida (no holes), Synapsida (a low hole),
-Euryapsida (a high hole), and Diapsida (two holes -- includes
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>). </P>
-
-<P> Reptilia has since been re-defined as a clade: all the descendants of the
-most recent common ancestor of the four living groups considered reptiles:
-<LINK content="Chelonia"/> (turtles), <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sphenodon"/> (tuatara),
-<LINK content="Squamata"/> (lizards and snakes), and <LINK content="Crocodylia"/>
-(crocodiles and kin). This definition excludes some creatures once considered
-reptiles (Synapsida -- formerly called "mammal-like reptiles"), and
-includes some creatures previously not considered reptilian
-<LINK content="Aves"/> -- birds). </P>
-
-<P> The groups Anapsida and Diapsida are still used as clades within Reptilia,
-slightly modified from their traditional meanings (Anapsida now excludes
-the most primitive sauropsids; Diapsida now includes birds). "Euryapsida",
-which included marine reptiles such as <LINK content="ichthyosaurs"/> and
-<LINK content="plesiosaurs"/>, is now recognized as an unnatural grouping of
-various aberrant diapsid lineages which lost their lower temporal
-fenestrae. </P>
-
-<P header="Domination"> The <LINK content="Mesozoic"/> is often called "The Age of Reptiles"
-because of the reptilian dominance during most of that era. Dinosaurs ruled
-the land, <LINK content="pterosaurs"/> ruled the skies, and a great variety
-of marine reptiles <LINK content="mosasaurs"/>, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs,
-etc.) ruled the oceans. Most of these creatures died out in the K-T
-extinction (ichthyosaurs died out earlier; champsosaurs, a freshwater
-lineage, later). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Sauropterygia" nickname="Flipper Reptiles - Longnecks & Bigheads" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="loch, ness, pliosaurs, marine, sea, sea-going, oceanic, aquatic, swimming"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Cryptoclidus, Elasmosaurus, Kronosaurus, Leptocleidus, Plesiosaurus, Muraenosaurus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Sauropterygia" silhouette="sauropterygia">
- <MEANING>
- lizard fins
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Placodontia" content='"reptilian walruses"'>
- <CLADE name="Helveticosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Placodontoidea">
- <CGENUS name="Chelyoposuchus"/>
- <CLADE name="Cyamodontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Henodontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Placodontidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Claudiosauridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Eusauropterygia">
- <MEANING>
- true sauropterygians
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Corosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Simosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Nothosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Pachypleurosauridae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cymatosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pistosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Plesiosauria">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Plesiosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Pliosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Plesiosauroidea">
- <CLADE name="Plesiosauridae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cryptoclididae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Elasmosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Polycotylidae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Sauropterygians were a group of marine reptiles of uncertain origin. At times
-allied to <LINK content="turtles"/> or <LINK content="prolacertiforms"/>, they are probably
-<LINK content="diapsids"/>, possibly a basal lineage of either
-<LINK content="Lepidosauromorpha"/> or <LINK content="Archosauromorpha"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Characteristics and Niches"> Their limbs had evolved into
-flippers, which they used to swim through the
-<LINK content="Mesozoic"/> seas. The advanced sauropterygians, plesiosaurs,
-came in two main body forms. Pliosaurs had long, large heads, and short necks,
-similar to the distantly related <LINK content="mosasaurs"/>. Plesiosauroids
-had extremely long necks with tiny heads, looking something like a cross
-between a <LINK content="sea turtle"/> and a <LINK content="snake"/>.
-All sauropterygians were carnivorous. </P>
-
-<P> Placodonts may or may not have been sauropterygians. They were
-large, probably sluggish creatures somewhat similar in form to today's
-<LINK content="walruses"/> and <LINK content="sirenians"/>
-(manatees and dugongs). Their broad teeth splayed outward from their mouths.
-It has been suggested that they used them to crush <LINK content="mollusk"/>
-shells. </P>
-
-<P header="The End"> Sauropterygians died out at the end of the <LINK content="Cretaceous"/>,
-along with all non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>.
-There have been reports of modern-day populations of plesiosauroids, but
-these have either turned out to be other animals (rotting basking shark
-carcasses) or deliberate hoaxes (the Loch Ness monster). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Spinosauria" nickname="Sail-Backed Crocodile-Mimics">
- <WORD key="1" content="sail, back, backed, sail-backed, sailbacked, finback, fin, crocodiles, sails, fins"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Spinosauria" silhouette="spinosauria">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Siamosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Spinosauridae" in="Spinosaurus, Baryonyx">
- <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Spinosauroidea" sensu="Charig, Milner" year="1997"/>
- <CLADE name="Baryonychinae" in="Baryonyx" out="Spinosaurus">
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Charig, Milner" year="1986"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Baryonychidae" sensu="Charig, Milner" year="1986"/>
- <CGENUS name="Cristatusaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Baryonyx"/>
- <CGENUS name="Suchomimus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Spinosaurinae" in="Spinosaurus" out="Baryonyx">
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Spinosauridae" sensu="Charig, Milner" year="1986"/>
- <CGENUS name="Spinosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Irritatorini">
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Martill, al." year="1996"/>
- <CGENUS name="Angaturama"/>
- <CGENUS name="Irritator"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Spinosauria once included all theropods with tall vertebral spines. Some
-of these creatures, such as <NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Becklespinax"/>, have since been allied to other groups. </P>
-
-<P header="Physical Characteristics"> Spinosaurs all have <LINK content="crocodile"/>-like conical teeth. Their
-long snouts have kinks like those of <LINK content="coelophysids"/> and some
-early <LINK content="synapsids"/>. It is thought that they used these for
-fishing, possibly in conjunction with other carnivorous activities. </P>
-
-<P> Baryonychines have more teeth at the end of their lower jaw than
-spinosaurines. Spinosaurines are characterized by straight, unserrated
-teeth. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Stegosauria" nickname="Plated Dinosaurs" silhouette="stegosaurinae">
- <WORD key="1" content="stegosaurians, plates, plated, spikes, armored, armor, armoured, thermoregulation"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Stegosauria" in="Stegosaurus, Ankylosaurus" silhouette="stegosauria">
- <MEANING><NOMEN nolink="1" name="Stegosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW></MEANING>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial arm bones"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Changtusaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Craterosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Gigantspinosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Katsuyamakensaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Regnosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Hesperosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Huayangosauridae" in="Huayangosaurus" out="Stegosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Huayangosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Stegosauridae" in="Stegosaurus" out="Huayangosaurus" silhouette="stegosauridae">
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="LJ" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Monkonosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Yingshanosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Dacentrurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Kentrosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Chialingosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chungkingosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Stegosaurinae" silhouette="stegosaurinae">
- <UNNAMED cf="Lexovisaurus">
- <!--Wiehenbirge 1982-9-->
- <TIME value="Callovian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Lexovisaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Paranthodon" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tuojiangosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Stegosaurini">
- <CGENUS name="Stegosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Wuerhosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header='"Roofed Reptiles"'> These primarily <LINK
-content="Jurassic"/> herbivores had two rows of
-plates and/or spikes going down the back. </P>
-
-<P> Although the spikes, which were usually found on the tail, were certainly
-used for defense, the exact purpose of the plates is unknown. They could
-not have made very effective armor, since they left the sides completely
-exposed. Perhaps they performed a similar function to the sails of
-<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>, and
-<NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>, whatever that
-function was (possibly heat regulation, sexual display, or both). </P>
-
-<P header="The End"> Stegosaurs did not last to the end of the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>,
-but died out during the <LINK content="Cretaceous Period"/>, possibly due to
-competition from other <LINK content="ornithischian"/> herbivores or from a
-change in flora (the transition from gymnosperms to angiosperms) which they
-could not adapt to. One creature which was thought to be a
-<LINK content="Late Cretaceous"/> stegosaur (<NOMEN name="Dravidosaurus"/>)
-has turned out to be a <LINK content="plesiosaur"/>! (This is not the only
-time marine <LINK content="vertebrate"/> remains have been mistaken for
-stegosaur remains -- the plates of
-<NOMEN name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/> turned out to be gill
-rakers from a fish!) </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Synapsida" nickname="Mammals and Kin" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="proto-mammals, proto, mammals, mammal-like, like, pelycosaurian, sailbacked, sail, back, fin, finbacked, backed"/>
- <WORD essay="1" key="1" content="pelycosaurs"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Cynognathus, Edaphosaurus, Dimetrodon, Lycaenops, Lystrosaurus, Moschops, Oligokyphus, Titanopheus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Synapsida" in="Mammalia" out="Reptilia" silhouette="synapsida">
- <MEANING>
- fused apses
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Theropsida"/>
- <CLADE name="Caseasauria" in="Casea" out="Mammalia">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Casea"/> lizards
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Caseidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Eothyrididae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Eupelycosauria" in="Mammalia" out="Casea">
- <MEANING>
- true pelycosaurs
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Varanopsidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Ophiacodontidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Edaphosauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Sphenacodontia">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sphenacodon"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CGENUS name="Haptodus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Palaeohatteria"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Pantelosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Cutleria"/>
- <CLADE name="Sphenacodontoidea" in="Sphenacodon, Mammalia">
- <CLADE name="Sphenacodontidae" content="Dimetrodon, Sphenacoon, etc."/>
- <CLADE name="Therapsida" in="Mammalia" out="Sphenacodon">
- <MEANING>
- beast apses
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Neotheropsida"/>
- <CLADE name="Biarmosuchia"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Dinocephalia" content="Moschops, etc.">
- <MEANING>
- terrible heads
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Anomodontia">
- <CLADE name="Dromasauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Venyukiamorpha"/>
- <CLADE name="Dicynodontia"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Theriodontia">
- <CLADE name="Gorgonopsia" content="Lycaenops, etc."/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Therocephalia">
- <MEANING>
- beast heads
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Cynodontia">
- <MEANING>
- dog teeth
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Dviniidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Galesauridae"/>
- <CLADE name="Procynosuchidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Eucynodontia" in="Cynognathus, Mammalia">
- <MEANING>
- true cynodonts
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Cynognathidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Probainognathia">
- <CLADE name="Tritylodontoidea"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Eoraetia" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kunminia" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Chiniquodontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Tritheledontidae"/>
- <CLADE name="Mammaliformes">
- <MEANING>
- Mammalia forms
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Mammalia" sensu="lato"/>
- <CGENUS name="Adelobasilus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sinoconodon" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Theroteinus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tricuspes" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Gobiconodontidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Morganucodontidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Docodonta" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Mammalia"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once called <LINK content="mammal"/>-like <LINK content="reptiles"/>,
-the animals shown here are no longer considered reptiles. Instead, they were
-the non-mammalian members of a separate lineage. Their skin was
-probably not dry and scaly like true reptiles. </P>
-
-<P header="Evolutionary Dynasties"> Synapsids were the first terrestrial vertebrates to truly dominate the
-landscape. There were two main "waves", the "pelycosaurs" (non-therapsid
-synapsids) in the Permian and then the early therapsids in the
-<LINK content="Triassic"/>. </P>
-
-<P> "Pelycosaurs" were probably cold-blooded. They ranged from large
-herbivores like <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Casea"/> to snaggle-toothed,
-sail-backed predators like <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Dimetrodon"/>.
-The advanced ones show the beginnings of the mammalian tooth pattern -- incisors,
-canines, and molars. </P>
-
-<P> Some (but probably not all) therapsids were warm-blooded, fur-covered,
-and milk-giving. They varied from the beaked, tusked, and herbivorous
-dicynodonts to the sleek, predatory <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Cynognathus"/>.
-By the end of the Triassic, most of these forms had died out, replaced by
-<LINK content="archosaurs"/> (including <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>). Only
-a few small <LINK content="Probainognathia"/> survived, including some of
-the earliest <LINK content="mammals"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Tetanurae" nickname="Three-Fingered Meat-Eaters">
- <WORD key="1" content="tetanurines, megalosaurs, predators, carnivorous, flesh, meat, hunters, carnivores"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="megalosaur, megalosaurs"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Tetanurae" in="Neornithes" out="Ceratosaurus" silhouette="tetanurae">
- <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- stiff tails
- </MEANING>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <REMAINS content="pedal phalanx, caudal centrum"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mississippi"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Erectopus">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="tall-spined" silhouette="acrocanthosaurus">
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Allosaurus sp."/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Becklespinax" silhouette="acrocanthosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Eustreptospondylus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Kaijiangosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Metriacanthosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Piatnitzkysaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Streptospondylus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Unquillosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Walkersaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Saltriosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Valdoraptor"/>
- <CGENUS name="Zupaysaurus" q="1"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Avipoda" q="1"/>
- <CLADE in="Neornithes, Torvosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Tetanurae" sensu="Sereno"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Spinosauroidea" sensu="Sereno" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chilantaisaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Erectopus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Afrovenator" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Spinosauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Torvosauridae" in="Torvosaurus" out="Spinosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Megalosauridae"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Eustreptospondylidae" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Brontoraptor"/>
- <CGENUS name="Edmarka"/>
- <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Poekilopleuron"/>
- <CGENUS name="Torvosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Neotetanurae" in="Neornithes, Allosaurus">
- <MEANING>new tetanurans</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, al." year="1994"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Avetheropoda">
- <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Holtz" year="1994"/>
- </CSYNONYM>
- <CSYNONYM name="Tetanurae" sensu="Novas"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Marshosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tugulusaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Carnosauria"/>
- <CLINK name="Coelurosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Tetanurae">
- <CLADE name="Neotetanurae"/>
- <CLADE name="Spinosauroidea" in="Spinosaurus, Torvosaurus">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Megalosauroidea"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Torvosauroidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Spinosauridae" in="Spinosaurus" out="Torvosaurus">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Torvosauridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Tetanurae consists of the advanced <LINK content="theropods"/>,
-including <LINK content="birds"/> and their ancestors. Tetanurans are
-characterized by three fingers or less, an opening in the skull between the
-antorbital fenestra and the naris (nostril) called the maxillary fenestra, and
-stiffened tails (Tetanurae means "stiffened tails"). </P>
-
-<P header="Classification and History"> The non-neotetanuran groups listed
-here are sometimes grouped together in a group sometimes called
-Megalosauria or Megalosauroidea, although this is probably a paraphyletic
-group, as shown here. Most "megalosaurs" were large carnivores. Some think
-<LINK content="Spinosauridae"/> and Torvosauridae (=Megalosauridae) make a
-group, sharing enlarged, sickle-shaped thumb claws. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> was the first
-non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be
-described. The family Megalosauridae was once a grab-bag for all sorts of
-large theropods: <LINK content="spinosaurs"/>, <LINK content="allosaurs"/>,
-large <LINK content="ceratosaurs"/>, large <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/>
-etc. </P>
-
-<P header="Advanced Characteristics"> Neotetanurans, an advanced group of tetanurans, had complex air
-passages in their vertebrae and ribs. The furcula, a bone which is not always
-preserved, has been found in a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>
-(<NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>) and several <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/>, so
-it seems to be a neotetanuran trait as well. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Tetrapoda" nickname="Terrestrial Vertebrates" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" content="terrestrial, land, amniotic"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Acanthostega, Eryops, Limnoscelis, Siderops, Triadobatrachus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Tetrapoda" silhouette="tetrapoda">
- <MEANING>
- four feet
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Elginerpetonidae"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Metaxygnathus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Ventistega"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Acanthostega"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Ichthyostega"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Antlerpeton" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Hynerpeton"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tulerpeton"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Crassigyrinus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Temnospondyli"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Whatcheeria"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Embolomeri"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Gephyrostegida"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Solenodonsaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Chroniosuchidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Limnoscelidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Seymouriamorpha"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Nycteroleteridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tokosauridae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tseajaiidae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE in="Lissamphibia, Amniota">
- <CSYNONYM name="Tetrapoda" sensu="stricto"/>
- <CLADE name="Amphibia" content="frogs, salamanders, blindworms, etc." in="Lissamphibia" out="Amniota">
- <MEANING>
- double lives
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Amniotomorpha" in="Amniota" out="Lissamphibia">
- <MEANING>
- Amniota forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Lysorophia" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Westlothiana"/>
- <CLADE name="Amniotiformes" status="informal">
- <MEANING>
- Amniota forms
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Diadectomorpha"/>
- <CLADE name="Amniota" in="Reptilia, Mammalia" comment="possess amniotic sac in egg">
- <CLADE extinct="1" name="Acleistorhinidae" q="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Synapsida"/>
- <CLINK name="Sauropsida"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Among terrestrial vertebrates, <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> belong to
-Amniota, a clade characterized by the ability to procreate on land. Of the
-two main branches of amniotes, dinosaurs belong to
-<LINK content="Sauropsida"/>, which includes other
-<LINK content="reptiles"/> as well. The sister clade to Sauropsida,
-<LINK content="Synapsida"/>, includes <LINK content="mammals"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Therizinosauria" nickname="Weirdest of the Weird">
- <WORD key="1" content="scythe, sickle, feathers, feathered, integument, skin, impressions"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosauria" in="Therizinosaurus" out="Oviraptor, Ornithomimus, Troodon" silhouette="therizinosauria">
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="D. A. Russell" year="1997"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="herein"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Segnosauria"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Segnosaurischia"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Erlikosaurus" q="1" incertae="1">
- <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="frontal"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton including forelimbs"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Neimenggusaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" name="Beipiaosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosauroidea" in="Therizinosaurus, Alxasaurus">
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Maleev" year="1954"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1995"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Segnosauroidea"/>
- <CLADE name="Alxasauridae" in="Alxasaurus" out="Therizinosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1995"/>
- <CGENUS name="Alxasaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosauridae" in="Therizinosaurus" out="Alxasaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1954"/>
- <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Segnosauridae"/>
- <CGENUS q="1" incertae="1" name="Nanshiungosaurus bohlini"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nothronychus"/>
- <CLADE name="Therizinosaurinae">
- <CGENUS name="Enigmosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Erlikosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Nanshiungosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Segnosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Therizinosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="A Puzzler"> These Asian <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> pose some taxonomic problems. They were
-originally classified as <LINK content="theropods"/>, although they have
-some features very uncharacteristic for theropods. Their hips are
-bird-like, although some theropods such as the <LINK
-content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="birds"/> themselves have
-bird-like hips as well. The front of the snout is a toothless beak,
-although <LINK content="oviraptorids"/>, <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>,
-and several <LINK content="avian"/> lineages have toothless beaks as well.
-But the feet, which have four functional, forward-facing toes, are utterly
-unlike any other theropod feet. Except for some <LINK
-content="modern birds"/>, all theropods have three functional toes and a
-reduced dewclaw. </P>
-
-<P header="Competing Viewpoints"> Another theory was that they were an
-outgroup to the <LINK content="ornithischians"/>, since ornithischians have
-bird-like hips (although they are only superficially bird-like), beaks, and,
-in the most primitive ornithischians, four toes. It has also been proposed
-that they are late-surviving relatives of
-"<LINK content="prosauropods"/>", since their teeth and feet are
-similar to those of "prosauropods". (They are similar enough that
-one jawbone from the Early Jurassic of China was published as the earliest
-therizinosaur, although it is more likely a "prosauropod".) </P>
-
-<P header="A Consensus (Sort Of)"> The discovery of <NOMEN name="Alxasaurus"/>,
-a therizinosaur more primitive than those previously known, seemed to bolster
-the theropod theory, as it had some <LINK content="coelurosaurian"/>
-features. More recently, the discovery of an even more primitive
-therizinosaur, <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, solidifies the therizinosaurs'
-status as theropods, since it has a dewclaw. Interestingly, it also has
-impressions of feathers or feather-like integument. </P>
-
-<P> There is still disagreement over which coelurosaurian group
-therizinosaurs are related to. They have been allied with <LINK
-content="deinonychosaurs"/>, <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, and <LINK
-content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/> has
-oviraptorosaur-like features in its pelvis. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Theropoda" nickname="Meat-Eaters & Kin" silhouette="neotheropoda">
- <WORD key="1" content="predatory, predator, carnivorous, flesh, meat, carnivore, raptor, meat-eating, flesh-eating, hunter, bird, avian, herrerasaur, staurikosaur"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Theropoda" in="Neornithes" out="Saltasaurus" silhouette="dinosauria">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- <MEANING>
- beast feet
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Goniopoda"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="New Zealand"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="small Kota">
- <TIME value="EJ"/> <TIME value="MJ"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Arctosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Carnosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Coelurosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Protoavis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sinosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Spinosuchus" q="1" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Velocipes" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Eoraptor"/>
- <CLADE>
- <UNNAMED comment="large">
- <PLACE name="S. America"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="large, primitive">
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CLADE name="Herrerasauria">
- <MEANING><NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW></MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM q="1" name="Herreravia">
- <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
- </CSYNONYM>
- <CLADE name="Herrerasauridae" in="Herrerasaurus, Staurikosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM q="1" name="Spondylosomatidae"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Benedetto" year="1973"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Novas" year="1992"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="pubis, ischium, dorsal & caudal vertebrae"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Caseosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chindesaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Staurikosaurinae" in="Staurikosaurus" out="Herrerasaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Staurikosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Herrerasaurinae" in="Herrerasaurus" out="Staurikosaurus">
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Benedetto" year="1973"/>
- <CGENUS name="Herrerasaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Guaibasauridae" q="1">
- <CGENUS name="Guaibasaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Neotheropoda" in="Neornithes, Ceratosaurus" silhouette="neotheropoda">
- <MEANING>new theropods</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1986"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="large">
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME section="late" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="(dromaeosaurid?)">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial humerus"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Zealand"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebra"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="K" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="small teeth"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="giant, tall-spined">
- <TIME section="earliest" value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="large">
- <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranium"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Alabama"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED incertae="1">
- <TIME value="EK"/> <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="MUCPv" id="301"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/><PLACE name="Niger"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Aliwalia" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Altispinax"/>
- <CGENUS name="Alwalkeria" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Calamospondylus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Capitalsaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chuandongocoelurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Coeluroides" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Elaphrosaurus gautieri" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Elaphrosaurus iguidensis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Embasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Inosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kagasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Katsuyamasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Kelmayisaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Liassaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Magnosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Megalosaurus andrewsi"/>
- <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus chubutensis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus insignis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus pannoniensis" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus pombali" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus terquemi" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Merosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Mifunesaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Newtonsaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ngexisaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Poekilopleuron schmidti" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Prodeinodon"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Quilmesaurus" silhouette="tetanurae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sidormimus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sigilmassasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sinocoelurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Teinurosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tsuchikurasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Wakinosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Walgettosuchus"/>
- <CLADE name="Ceratosauria" in="Ceratosaurus" out="Neornithes">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1984"/>
- <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Elaphrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Coelophysoidea"/>
- <CLINK name="Neoceratosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLINK name="Tetanurae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Coelophysoidea"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Dilophosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Neotheropoda">
- <CLADE name="Ceratosauria"/>
- <CLADE name="Tetanurae"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Dinosauria"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Theropoda is an incredibly diverse group of <LINK
-content="dinosaurs"/>. Most of the Mesozoic theropods were sharp-toothed
-predators, although there have been a few toothless, possibly herbivorous
-groups. During the <LINK content="Jurassic"/> (or possibly <LINK
-content="Triassic"/>), some theropods evolved into feathered, flying
-forms. Their descendants are today's <LINK content="birds"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="An Odd Name"> The group Theropoda ("beast feet") was named early on in
-paleontological history, along with <LINK content="Ornithopoda"/> ("bird
-feet" - a major <LINK content="ornithischian"/> group). It almost seems as
-though the names were somehow mixed up and improperly assigned, since
-theropods have bird-like feet and ornithopods have somewhat more <LINK
-content="mammal"/>-like feet, but the names stuck and it's far too late to
-change them now. </P>
-
-<P header="Origin and Evolution"> The non-neotheropod genera shown above
-are often informally referred
-to as "herrerasaurs". "Herrerasaurs" may be basal theropods, as shown
-here, basal <LINK content="saurischians"/>, or even basal <LINK
-content="dinosauriforms"/>. They had many primitive features, such as five
-digits on the hands, although the outer two were very small and had no
-claws. </P>
-
-<P> <ILLO name="coelophysid_manus" caption="ceratosaurian manus"/> <ILLO
-name="dromaeosaurid_manus" caption="tetanuran manus"/> The more advanced
-theropods, or neotheropods, are divided into two groups. The ceratosaurs
-retained four digits on the hand (the outer one reduced), while the more
-advanced <LINK content="tetanurans"/> only have three. Ceratosaurs were
-further characterized by extra openings in cervical and dorsal centra,
-fused pelvic bones and tarsals (in adults), and some modifications of the
-tibia and fibula. </P>
-
-<P> It is possible that Ceratosauria as shown here is a paraphyletic group,
-characterized only by primitive features. Neoceratosaurs may be share more recent
-ancestry with tetanurans than with coelophysoids. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Thyreophora" nickname="Armored Dinosaurs" silhouette="thyreophoroidea">
- <WORD key="1" content="armored, armoured, armor, armour, plated, plates, scuted, spikes, spiked, defense, tank"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="armored tanks"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Thyreophora" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Triceratops" silhouette="thyreophora">
- <UNNAMED><PLACE name="Niger"/><TIME value="EK" section="early"/></UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Bienosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Scutellosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Thyreophoroidea" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Scutellosaurus" silhouette="thyreophoroidea">
- <MEANING>
- Thyreophora forms
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Enoplosauria" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Lusitanosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tatisaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Emausaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Eurypoda" in="Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Scelidosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Brachypodosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CLINK name="Stegosauria"/>
- <CLINK name="Ankylosauria"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Ornithischia"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Thyreophora includes the "armored <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>", a
-group of primarily quadrupedal <LINK content="ornithischians"/> with bony
-plates, scutes, and/or spikes protecting their backs from theropod
-predators. Some <LINK content="titanosaurian"/> <LINK content="sauropods"/>
-also exhibited armor like this. </P>
-
-<P header="Origin and Evolution"> <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> was
-once classified as a <LINK
-content="fabrosaurid"/>, but it is really the earliest and most primitive
-known member of this clade of armored dinosaurs. It was small, like
-"fabrosaurids", but more robust and with bony scutes as armor. </P>
-
-<P> The more advanced thyreophorans, like <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/>, were
-larger and fully quadrupedal. Creatures like this are thought to have
-given rise to the two major lineages of thyreophorans, the plated <LINK
-content="stegosaurs"/> and the heavily armored <LINK
-content="ankylosaurs"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Titanosauria" nickname="Armored Sauropods - The Largest of the Large">
- <WORD key="1" content="big, huge, large, giant, long, armored, armor, armoured, armour, titan, titanic, gigantic, largest, biggest"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="titanosaurian"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Titanosauria" in="Titanosaurus" out="Brachiosaurus, Euhelopus" silhouette="titanosauria">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Wilson, Sereno" year="1998"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="osteoderm"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED><PLACE name="Niger"/><TIME value="Aptian"/><REMAINS content="axial column, pelvis"/></UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED><PLACE name="Niger"/><TIME value="Cenomanian"/><REMAINS content="nearly complete postcranium"/></UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="Bauru">
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="Bauru">
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="Bauru">
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED q="1">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranium"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, braincase, etc."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Aegyptosaurus">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Alamosaurus" comment="large">
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="12 cervical vertebrae"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED comment="giant">
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <!-- LENGTH value="51"/ -->
- <REMAINS content="cervical vertebrae, femur, etc."/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Aegyptosaurus">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII65" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Aegyptosaurus">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII66" content="vertebra"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED cf="Aegyptosaurus">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII67" content="2 cervical? vertebrae"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Aegyptosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Aepisaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Algoasaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Bruhathkayosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Campylodoniscus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Clasmodosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Iuticosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Chubutisaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pleurocoelus sp." q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Macrurosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tangvayosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Titanosaurus falloti" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Phuwiangosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Huabeisauridae" q="1" incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Huabeisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <UNNAMED>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Paralititan" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Andesaurus"/>
- <CLADE in="Epachthosaurus, Saltasaurus, Argyrosaurus, Lirainosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM name="Titanosauria" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
- <CGENUS name="Ampelosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Hypselosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Jainosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Magyarosaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Pellegrinisauridae" incertae="1">
- <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Salgado" year="1996"/>
- <CGENUS name="Pellegrinisaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Epachthosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Janenschia"/>
- <CLADE in="Saltasaurus, Argyrosaurus, Lirainosaurus">
- <CSYNONYM q="1" name="Eutitanosauria">
- <AUTHOR name="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
- </CSYNONYM>
- <CLADE incertae="1">
- <CGENUS name="Lirainosaurus"/>
- <UNNAMED comment="Peiropolis">
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- </CLADE>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Argentinosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Antarctosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Laplatasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Malawisaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Nemegtosauridae" q="1">
- <CGENUS name="Nemegtosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Quaesitosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Rapetosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Alamosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Argyrosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Titanosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Aeolosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gondwanatitan" q="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Saltasauridae" in="Saltasaurus, Opisthocoelicaudia">
- <CLADE name="Opisthocoelicaudinae" in="Opisthocoelicaudia" out="Saltasaurus" q="1">
- <CGENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Saltasaurinae" out="Opisthocoelicaudia" in="Saltasaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Neuquensaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Saltasaurini">
- <CGENUS name="Rocasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Saltasaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Titanosauroidea" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999">
- <CGENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/>
- <CLADE name="Titanosauria" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999" in="Epachthosaurus, Saltasaurus, Argyrosaurus, Lirainosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Epachthosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Eutitanosauria">
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Saltasaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Argyrosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Lirainosaurus"/>
- <UNNAMED comment="Peiropolis"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <REFER page="Macronaria"/>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> These primarily Cretaceous animals represent the last group of <LINK
-content="sauropods"/> before the great K/T extinction. Bony plates have
-been found with some specimens, indicating that they were armored, like
-<LINK content="ankylosaurs"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="True Titans"> South American forms such as <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/> were some
-of the largest land animals of all time, probably larger than the gigantic
-<LINK content="brachiosaurids"/> of the <LINK content="Jurassic"/>.
-<NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/> has been estimated at 80-100 metric
-tonnes. Others, like <NOMEN name="Andesaurus"/>, <NOMEN
-name="Antarctosaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Argyrosaurus"/>, may have been
-of similar size. </P>
-
-<P header="Humble Beginnings"> Argentinian egg material has been attributed to titanosaurs. The eggs are
-typically 11-12cm in diameter, some up to 17cm. From relatively
-small eggs like these came creatures which would grow thousands of times
-larger! Eggs have also been attributed to <NOMEN name="Hypselosaurus"/>, a
-European titanosaur. Recently, Argentinian titanosaur eggs containing
-fossilized embryos with skin impressions were discovered. The impressions
-show non-overlapping scales, like those seen in many other
-<LINK content="dinosaur"/> skin impressions. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Troodontidae" nickname="Brainy, Big-Eyed Dinos">
- <WORD key="1" content="dinosauroid, brainy, brain, smart, intelligent, intelligence, e.q., nocturnal, sickle, claw, switchblade"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="night prowlers"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Troodontidae" in="Troodon" out="Deinonychus, Neornithes, Ornithomimus, Oviraptor, Therizinosaurus, Tyrannosaurus" silhouette="troodontidae">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Varricchio" year="1997"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="herein"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Saurornithoididae"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Troödontidae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Koparion" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED indet="1">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <UNNAMED>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Araucanoraptor" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Sinornithoides"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Borogovia" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tochisaurus" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Byronosaurus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Saurornithoides"/>
- <CGENUS name="Troodon"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The phylogeny above is somewhat tentative.</P>
-<P header="Intelligence and Niche"> Troodontids (formerly known as
-saurornithoidids) were remarkable in
-having the largest E.Q. (encephalization quotient) of all non-<LINK
-content="avialan"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. Intelligence-wise, they may
-have been on level with some modern-day <LINK content="birds"/>. The large
-brain, huge eyes, and grasping hands of these <LINK content="theropods"/>
-may indicate a nocturnal, predatory lifestyle. However, their teeth may
-indicate omnivory. </P>
-
-<P header="Feet of Death"> The feet were equipped with "switchblade claws", similar to those of
-<LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. They were once placed with the
-dromaeosaurids in <LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>, but this grouping
-has been questioned. They share some features with <LINK
-content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, such as a pinched middle metatarsal
-(possibly a speed adaptation), features of the braincase, and large eyes.
-They have also been placed in basal <LINK content="Paraves"/>, basal <LINK
-content="Avialae"/>, and as sister group of the <LINK
-content="oviraptorosaur"/>-<LINK content="therizinosaur"/> group. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Tyrannosauroidea" nickname="Tyrant Kings of the Dinosaurs">
- <WORD key="1" content="t-rex, rex, tyrant, trex"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="gigantic predators, tyrannosaur, tyrannosaurs"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea" in="Tyrannosaurus" out="Ornithomimus, Neornithes" silhouette="coelurosauria-large">
- <CSYNONYM name="Tyrannosauria"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Deinodontoidea"/>
- <UNNAMED>
- <REMAINS content="premaxillary tooth"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Eotyrannus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Futabasaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Iliosuchus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Itemirus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Siamotyrannus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Stokesosaurus" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tonouchisaurus" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosauridae" silhouette="tyrannosauroidea">
- <CSYNONYM name="Deinodontidae"/>
- <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="gracile">
- <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- </UNNAMED>
- <CGENUS name="Alectrosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Chingkankousaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosaurinae" in="Tyrannosaurus" out="Alectrosaurus, Aublysodon">
- <CSYNONYM name="Deinodontinae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Deinodon" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Alioramus" silhouette="alioramus"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Albertosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Gorgosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosaurini" in="Tyrannosaurus" out="Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus">
- <CGENUS name="Aublysodon" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shanshanosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Daspletosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tarbosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Tyrannosaurus"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosauridae">
- <CGENUS name="Alectrosaurus"/>
- <CLADE name="Tyrannosaurinae"/>
- <CLADE name="Aublysodontinae">
- <CSYNONYM name="Shanshanosaurinae"/>
- <CGENUS name="Aublysodon" incertae="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Shanshanosaurus"/>
- <CGENUS name="Stygivenator"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This was the last group of huge predatory
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, including the
-ever-popular <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/> ("king of the tyrant
-lizards"), a 40+ foot-long monster, largest of all land predators,
-excluding some <LINK content="carcharodontosaurine allosaurids"/>. </P>
-
-<P> For all their size and strength, tyrannosaurids had remarkably small arms
-with only two fingers on the hand, the third digit having degenerated to
-near nothingness. </P>
-
-<P header="Fast Predators or Slow Scavengers?"> The near lack of forelimbs in tyrannosaurids (and to a lesser extent in
-some other large predatory dinosaurs) poses an interesting problem: How
-did they deal with tripping? A recent study of <NOMEN
-name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/> which incorporated data from studies of fall
-trauma suggests that if <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> were to trip while running
-at top speed, the force of its fall would crush it. Therefore, it may be
-that <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> and other large tyrannosaurids restrained
-themselves to a more conservative speed. </P>
-
-<P> There have been some proposals that <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and
-perhaps other large tyrannosaurines were scavengers rather than predators,
-since they had such tiny arms and couldn't run at top speed. But in
-today's world there are no such things as true terrestrial scavengers
-(vultures are aerial, not terrestrial, and can cover much more ground with
-much less effort). All other terrestrial animals that eat carrion will
-also hunt for their prey. It is likely that <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>
-fell into this category -- a hunter who wouldn't pass up an opportunity
-for a "free meal". Its huge head, muscular neck, and dagger-like teeth
-would easily have made up for its tiny arms, and its main prey, <LINK
-content="duck-billed dinosaurs"/>, probably had similar problems in
-running at top speed, as they also had small forearms (albeit not nearly
-as small as tyrannosaurid forearms) and large body size. Large
-tyrannosaurines could almost certainly run faster than any animal of their
-size. Their legs were similar to those of their close relatives the <LINK
-content="ornithomimosaurs"/> (a.k.a. "ostrich mimics"), often considered
-the fastest (running) dinosaurs of all. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
-
-<TAXON name="Vertebrata" nickname="Animals with Backbones" simple="1">
- <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="fish"/>
- <WORD essay="1" content="ray"/>
- <INCLUDED content="Carcharias, Carcharodon, Carcharocles, Cladoselaches, Dunkleosteus, Helicoprion, Leedsichthys, Lepidotes, Longania, Squatina, Stethacanthus, Xiphactinus"/>
- <CLADOGRAM>
- <CLADE name="Vertebrata" silhouette="vertebrata">
- <MEANING>
- vertebrae
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Hyperoartia" q="1" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Conodontia" q="1" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Pteraspidomorphi" content="lampreys, etc.">
- <CSYNONYM name="Diplorhina"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Thelodonti" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Anaspida" extinct="1" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Galeaspida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Pituriaspida" q="1" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Osteostraci" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Gnathostomata" content="animals with jaws">
- <MEANING>
- jawed mouths
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Placodermi" content="certain armored fish" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Chondrichthyes" content="sharks, rays, ratfish">
- <MEANING>
- cartilaginous fish
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Teleostomi" content="animals with bony skeletons">
- <CLADE name="Acanthodii" content='spiny "sharks"' extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Osteichthyes">
- <MEANING>
- bony fish
- </MEANING>
- <CSYNONYM name="Euteleostomi"/>
- <CSYNONYM name="Neoteleostomi"/>
- <CGENUS name="Psarolepis" q="1" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Lophosteiformes" q="1" extinct="1">
- <CLADE name="Actinopterygii" content="ray-finned fish">
- <MEANING>
- ray fins
- </MEANING>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Sarcopterygii" content="vertebrates with fleshy limbs">
- <MEANING>
- flesh fins
- </MEANING>
- <CLADE name="Onychodontiformes" q="1" extinct="1">
- <CSYNONYM name="Sturniiformes"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Coelacanthomorpha" content="coelacanths, etc.">
- <CSYNONYM name="Actinistia"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Rhipidistia" status="informal">
- <CLADE name="Dipnomorpha">
- <CLADE name="Dipnoi" content="lungfish"/>
- <CLADE name="Porolepiformes" extinct="1"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Tetrapodomorpha">
- <CGENUS name="Kenichthys" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Rhizodontida" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Osteolepimorpha" status="informal">
- <CSYNONYM name="Choanata" q="1"/>
- <CLADE name="Osteolepididae" q="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Megalichthyidae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Medoevia" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Canowindridae" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CGENUS name="Gryptoptychius" extinct="1"/>
- <CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Thristicopteridae" extinct="1">
- <CSYNONYM name="Eusthenopteridae"/>
- </CLADE>
- <CLADE name="Elpistostegalia">
- <CSYNONYM name="Panderichthyida"/>
- <CGENUS name="Elpistostega" extinct="1"/>
- <CGENUS name="Panderichthys" extinct="1"/>
- <CLINK name="Tetrapoda"/>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADE>
- </CLADOGRAM>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>
- Within the group of animals that have backbones,
- <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> belong to the tetrapods, or terrestrial
- vertebrates.
- </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</TAXON>
projects / idzebra-moved-to-github.git / commitdiff